feat(rules): implement `flake8-bandit` `S201` (`flask_debug_true`) (#7503)

Part of #1646.

## Summary

Implement `S201`
([`flask_debug_true`](https://bandit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/plugins/b201_flask_debug_true.html))
rule from `bandit`.

I am fairly new to Rust and Ruff's codebase, so there might be better
ways to implement the rule or write the code.

## Test Plan

Snapshot test from
https://github.com/PyCQA/bandit/blob/1.7.5/examples/flask_debug.py, with
a few additions in the "unrelated" part to test a bit more cases.

crates/ruff/resources/test/fixtures/flake8_bandit/S201.py

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from flask import Flask
+
+app = Flask(__name__)
+
+@app.route('/')
+def main():
+    raise
+
+# OK
+app.run(debug=True)
+
+# Errors
+app.run()
+app.run(debug=False)
+
+# Unrelated
+run()
+run(debug=True)
+run(debug)
+foo.run(debug=True)
+app = 1
+app.run(debug=True)

crates/ruff/src/checkers/ast/analyze/expression.rs

@@ -586,6 +586,9 @@ pub(crate) fn expression(expr: &Expr, checker: &mut Checker) {
             if checker.enabled(Rule::LoggingConfigInsecureListen) {
                 flake8_bandit::rules::logging_config_insecure_listen(checker, call);
             }
+            if checker.enabled(Rule::FlaskDebugTrue) {
+                flake8_bandit::rules::flask_debug_true(checker, call);
+            }
             if checker.any_enabled(&[
                 Rule::SubprocessWithoutShellEqualsTrue,
                 Rule::SubprocessPopenWithShellEqualsTrue,

crates/ruff/src/codes.rs

@@ -573,6 +573,7 @@ pub fn code_to_rule(linter: Linter, code: &str) -> Option<(RuleGroup, Rule)> {
         (Flake8Bandit, "110") => (RuleGroup::Unspecified, rules::flake8_bandit::rules::TryExceptPass),
         (Flake8Bandit, "112") => (RuleGroup::Unspecified, rules::flake8_bandit::rules::TryExceptContinue),
         (Flake8Bandit, "113") => (RuleGroup::Unspecified, rules::flake8_bandit::rules::RequestWithoutTimeout),
+        (Flake8Bandit, "201") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::flake8_bandit::rules::FlaskDebugTrue),
         (Flake8Bandit, "301") => (RuleGroup::Unspecified, rules::flake8_bandit::rules::SuspiciousPickleUsage),
         (Flake8Bandit, "302") => (RuleGroup::Unspecified, rules::flake8_bandit::rules::SuspiciousMarshalUsage),
         (Flake8Bandit, "303") => (RuleGroup::Unspecified, rules::flake8_bandit::rules::SuspiciousInsecureHashUsage),

crates/ruff/src/rules/flake8_bandit/mod.rs

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test_case(Rule::BadFilePermissions, Path::new("S103.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::CallWithShellEqualsTrue, Path::new("S604.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::ExecBuiltin, Path::new("S102.py"))]
+    #[test_case(Rule::FlaskDebugTrue, Path::new("S201.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::HardcodedBindAllInterfaces, Path::new("S104.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::HardcodedPasswordDefault, Path::new("S107.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::HardcodedPasswordFuncArg, Path::new("S106.py"))]

crates/ruff/src/rules/flake8_bandit/rules/flask_debug_true.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+use ruff_diagnostics::{Diagnostic, Violation};
+use ruff_macros::{derive_message_formats, violation};
+use ruff_python_ast::helpers::is_const_true;
+use ruff_python_ast::{Expr, ExprAttribute, ExprCall, Stmt, StmtAssign};
+use ruff_text_size::Ranged;
+
+use crate::checkers::ast::Checker;
+
+/// ## What it does
+/// Checks for uses of `debug=True` in Flask.
+///
+/// ## Why is this bad?
+/// Enabling debug mode shows an interactive debugger in the browser if an
+/// error occurs, and allows running arbitrary Python code from the browser.
+/// This could leak sensitive information, or allow an attacker to run
+/// arbitrary code.
+///
+/// ## Example
+/// ```python
+/// import flask
+///
+/// app = Flask()
+///
+/// app.run(debug=True)
+/// ```
+///
+/// Use instead:
+/// ```python
+/// import flask
+///
+/// app = Flask()
+///
+/// app.run(debug=os.environ["ENV"] == "dev")
+/// ```
+///
+/// ## References
+/// - [Flask documentation: Debug Mode](https://flask.palletsprojects.com/en/latest/quickstart/#debug-mode)
+#[violation]
+pub struct FlaskDebugTrue;
+
+impl Violation for FlaskDebugTrue {
+    #[derive_message_formats]
+    fn message(&self) -> String {
+        format!("Use of `debug=True` in Flask app detected")
+    }
+}
+
+/// S201
+pub(crate) fn flask_debug_true(checker: &mut Checker, call: &ExprCall) {
+    let Expr::Attribute(ExprAttribute { attr, value, .. }) = call.func.as_ref() else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    if attr.as_str() != "run" {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let Some(debug_argument) = call.arguments.find_keyword("debug") else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    if !is_const_true(&debug_argument.value) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let Expr::Name(name) = value.as_ref() else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    checker
+        .semantic()
+        .resolve_name(name)
+        .map_or((), |binding_id| {
+            if let Some(Stmt::Assign(StmtAssign { value, .. })) = checker
+                .semantic()
+                .binding(binding_id)
+                .statement(checker.semantic())
+            {
+                if let Expr::Call(ExprCall { func, .. }) = value.as_ref() {
+                    if checker
+                        .semantic()
+                        .resolve_call_path(func)
+                        .is_some_and(|call_path| matches!(call_path.as_slice(), ["flask", "Flask"]))
+                    {
+                        checker
+                            .diagnostics
+                            .push(Diagnostic::new(FlaskDebugTrue, debug_argument.range()));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+}

crates/ruff/src/rules/flake8_bandit/rules/mod.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 pub(crate) use assert_used::*;
 pub(crate) use bad_file_permissions::*;
 pub(crate) use exec_used::*;
+pub(crate) use flask_debug_true::*;
 pub(crate) use hardcoded_bind_all_interfaces::*;
 pub(crate) use hardcoded_password_default::*;
 pub(crate) use hardcoded_password_func_arg::*;
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ pub(crate) use unsafe_yaml_load::*;
 mod assert_used;
 mod bad_file_permissions;
 mod exec_used;
+mod flask_debug_true;
 mod hardcoded_bind_all_interfaces;
 mod hardcoded_password_default;
 mod hardcoded_password_func_arg;

crates/ruff/src/rules/flake8_bandit/snapshots/ruff__rules__flake8_bandit__tests__S201_S201.py.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+---
+source: crates/ruff/src/rules/flake8_bandit/mod.rs
+---
+S201.py:10:9: S201 Use of `debug=True` in Flask app detected
+   |
+ 9 | # OK
+10 | app.run(debug=True)
+   |         ^^^^^^^^^^ S201
+11 | 
+12 | # Errors
+   |
+
+

ruff.schema.json

@@ -2572,6 +2572,9 @@
         "S110",
         "S112",
         "S113",
+        "S2",
+        "S20",
+        "S201",
         "S3",
         "S30",
         "S301",