[ty] Increase SQLAlchemy test coverage (#21843)

## Summary

Increase our SQLAlchemy test coverage to make sure we understand
`Session.scalar`, `Session.scalars`, `Session.execute` (and their async
equivalents), as well as `Result.tuples`, `Result.one_or_none`,
`Row._tuple`.

crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/external/sqlalchemy.md

@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ python-platform = "linux"
 dependencies = ["SQLAlchemy==2.0.44"]
 ```
 
-## Basic model
+## ORM Model
 
-Here, we mostly make sure that ty understands SQLAlchemy's dataclass-transformer setup:
+This test makes sure that ty understands SQLAlchemy's `dataclass_transform` setup:
 
 ```py
 from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped, mapped_column
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ reveal_type(User.__init__)  # revealed: def __init__(self, **kw: Any) -> Unknown
 invalid_user = User(invalid_arg=42)
 ```
 
-## Queries
+## Basic query example
 
-First, the basic setup:
+First, set up a `Session`:
 
 ```py
 from datetime import datetime
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ engine = create_engine("sqlite://example.db")
 session = Session(engine)
 ```
 
-Now we can declare a simple model:
+And define a simple model:
 
 ```py
 class Base(DeclarativeBase):
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class User(Base):
     is_admin: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, default=False)
 ```
 
-And perform simple queries:
+Finally, we can execute queries:
 
 ```py
 stmt = select(User)
@@ -84,21 +84,27 @@ for row in session.execute(stmt):
     reveal_type(row)  # revealed: Row[tuple[User]]
 
 stmt = select(User).where(User.name == "Alice")
-alice = session.scalars(stmt).first()
-reveal_type(alice)  # revealed: User | None
+alice1 = session.scalars(stmt).first()
+reveal_type(alice1)  # revealed: User | None
 
+alice2 = session.scalar(stmt)
+reveal_type(alice2)  # revealed: User | None
+
+result = session.execute(stmt)
+row = result.one_or_none()
+assert row is not None
+(alice3,) = row._tuple()
+reveal_type(alice3)  # revealed: User
+```
+
+This also works with more complex queries:
+
+```py
 stmt = select(User).where(User.is_admin == True).order_by(User.name).limit(10)
 admin_users = session.scalars(stmt).all()
 reveal_type(admin_users)  # revealed: Sequence[User]
 ```
 
-This also works with the legacy `query` API:
-
-```py
-users_legacy = session.query(User).all()
-reveal_type(users_legacy)  # revealed: list[User]
-```
-
 We can also specify particular columns to select:
 
 ```py
@@ -106,19 +112,97 @@ stmt = select(User.id, User.name)
 # TODO: should be `Select[tuple[int, str]]`
 reveal_type(stmt)  # revealed: Select[tuple[Unknown, Unknown]]
 
+ids_and_names = session.execute(stmt).all()
+# TODO: should be `Sequence[Row[tuple[int, str]]]`
+reveal_type(ids_and_names)  # revealed: Sequence[Row[tuple[Unknown, Unknown]]]
+
 for row in session.execute(stmt):
-    # TODO: should be `Row[Tuple[int, str]]`
+    # TODO: should be `Row[tuple[int, str]]`
     reveal_type(row)  # revealed: Row[tuple[Unknown, Unknown]]
+
+for user_id, name in session.execute(stmt).tuples():
+    # TODO: should be `int`
+    reveal_type(user_id)  # revealed: Unknown
+    # TODO: should be `str`
+    reveal_type(name)  # revealed: Unknown
+
+stmt = select(User.id, User.name).where(User.name == "Alice")
+alice1 = session.scalars(stmt).first()
+# TODO: should be `tuple[int, str] | None`
+reveal_type(alice1)  # revealed: Any | None
+
+alice2 = session.scalar(stmt)
+# TODO: should be `tuple[int, str] | None`
+reveal_type(alice2)  # revealed: Any
+
+result = session.execute(stmt)
+row = result.one_or_none()
+assert row is not None
+(user_id, name) = row._tuple()
+# TODO: should be `int`
+reveal_type(user_id)  # revealed: Unknown
+# TODO: should be `str`
+reveal_type(name)  # revealed: Unknown
 ```
 
-And similarly with the legacy `query` API:
+Using the legacy `query` API also works:
+
+```py
+users_legacy = session.query(User).all()
+reveal_type(users_legacy)  # revealed: list[User]
+
+query = session.query(User)
+reveal_type(query)  # revealed: Query[User]
+
+reveal_type(query.all())  # revealed: list[User]
+
+for row in query:
+    reveal_type(row)  # revealed: User
+```
+
+And similarly when specifying particular columns:
 
 ```py
 query = session.query(User.id, User.name)
 # TODO: should be `RowReturningQuery[tuple[int, str]]`
 reveal_type(query)  # revealed: RowReturningQuery[tuple[Unknown, Unknown]]
 
-for row in query.all():
-    # TODO: should be `Row[Tuple[int, str]]`
+# TODO: should be `list[Row[tuple[int, str]]]`
+reveal_type(query.all())  # revealed: list[Row[tuple[Unknown, Unknown]]]
+
+for row in query:
+    # TODO: should be `Row[tuple[int, str]]`
     reveal_type(row)  # revealed: Row[tuple[Unknown, Unknown]]
 ```
+
+## Async API
+
+The async API is supported as well:
+
+```py
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
+from sqlalchemy import select, Integer, Text
+from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped, mapped_column
+
+class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+    pass
+
+class User(Base):
+    __tablename__ = "users"
+
+    id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+    name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(Text)
+
+async def test_async(session: AsyncSession):
+    stmt = select(User).where(User.name == "Alice")
+    alice = await session.scalar(stmt)
+    reveal_type(alice)  # revealed: User | None
+
+    stmt = select(User.id, User.name)
+    result = await session.execute(stmt)
+    for user_id, name in result.tuples():
+        # TODO: should be `int`
+        reveal_type(user_id)  # revealed: Unknown
+        # TODO: should be `str`
+        reveal_type(name)  # revealed: Unknown
+```