def foo(shell): pass foo(shell=True) foo(shell={**{}}) foo(shell={**{**{}}}) # Truthy non-bool values for `shell` foo(shell=(i for i in ())) foo(shell=lambda: 0) # f-strings guaranteed non-empty foo(shell=f"{b''}") x = 1 foo(shell=f"{x=}") # Additional truthiness cases for generator, lambda, and f-strings foo(shell=(i for i in ())) foo(shell=lambda: 0) foo(shell=f"{b''}") x = 1 foo(shell=f"{x=}") print(bool(dict(shell=f"{f""!s}")["shell"])) # Unknown truthiness print(bool(dict(shell=f"{"x":.0}")["shell"])) class C: def __gt__(self, other): return "" print(bool(dict(shell=f"{C() > C()}")["shell"]))