chore(ci): address lint findings in build-docker.yml (#15245)

## Summary

This re-creates #15145, with fixes following the revert in #15174.

The overall approach is the same, except that I've added an explicit
permissions block to `docker-annotate-base` that should cover the needed
permissions in that job.

(One confusion is around how that wasn't failing before -- FWICT it was
receiving the default `GITHUB_TOKEN`, which doesn't include `id-token:
write` or `packages: write`. So it _should_ have been failing even
before I explicitly did `permissions: {}`...)

Edit: Oh, I see why -- the actual release process does a
`workflow_call`, so this inherits its `GITHUB_TOKEN` from
`release.yml:custom-build-docker`, which in turn has the right
permissions granted to it.

## Test Plan

See what happens in CI. Plus maybe we could do a release dry-run?

Signed-off-by: William Woodruff <william@astral.sh>

.github/workflows/build-docker.yml

@@ -40,6 +40,8 @@ env:
   UV_GHCR_IMAGE: ghcr.io/${{ github.repository_owner }}/uv
   UV_DOCKERHUB_IMAGE: docker.io/astral/uv
 
+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
   docker-plan:
     name: plan
@@ -57,13 +59,13 @@ jobs:
           IS_LOCAL_PR: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == 'astral-sh/uv' }}
         id: plan
         run: |
-          if [ "${{ env.DRY_RUN }}" == "false" ]; then
+          if [ "${DRY_RUN}" == "false" ]; then
             echo "login=true" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
             echo "push=true" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
-            echo "tag=${{ env.TAG }}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+            echo "tag=${TAG}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
             echo "action=build and publish" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           else
-            echo "login=${{ env.IS_LOCAL_PR }}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+            echo "login=${IS_LOCAL_PR}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
             echo "push=false" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
             echo "tag=dry-run" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
             echo "action=build" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
@@ -91,6 +93,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
         with:
           submodules: recursive
+          persist-credentials: false
 
       # Login to DockerHub (when not pushing, it's to avoid rate-limiting)
       - uses: docker/login-action@74a5d142397b4f367a81961eba4e8cd7edddf772 # v3.4.0
@@ -111,14 +114,16 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ needs.docker-plan.outputs.push == 'true' }}
         run: |
           version=$(grep "version = " pyproject.toml | sed -e 's/version = "\(.*\)"/\1/g')
-          if [ "${{ needs.docker-plan.outputs.tag }}" != "${version}" ]; then
+          if [ "${TAG}" != "${version}" ]; then
             echo "The input tag does not match the version from pyproject.toml:" >&2
-            echo "${{ needs.docker-plan.outputs.tag }}" >&2
+            echo "${TAG}" >&2
             echo "${version}" >&2
             exit 1
           else
             echo "Releasing ${version}"
           fi
+        env:
+          TAG: ${{ needs.docker-plan.outputs.tag }}
 
       - name: Extract metadata (tags, labels) for Docker
         id: meta
@@ -224,7 +229,7 @@ jobs:
           # Generate Dockerfile content
           cat <<EOF > Dockerfile
           FROM ${BASE_IMAGE}
-          COPY --from=${{ env.UV_GHCR_IMAGE }}:latest /uv /uvx /usr/local/bin/
+          COPY --from=${UV_GHCR_IMAGE}:latest /uv /uvx /usr/local/bin/
           ENV UV_TOOL_BIN_DIR="/usr/local/bin"
           ENTRYPOINT []
           CMD ["/usr/local/bin/uv"]
@@ -236,8 +241,8 @@ jobs:
           # Loop through all base tags and append its docker metadata pattern to the list
           # Order is on purpose such that the label org.opencontainers.image.version has the first pattern with the full version
           IFS=','; for TAG in ${BASE_TAGS}; do
-            TAG_PATTERNS="${TAG_PATTERNS}type=pep440,pattern={{ version }},suffix=-${TAG},value=${{ needs.docker-plan.outputs.tag }}\n"
-            TAG_PATTERNS="${TAG_PATTERNS}type=pep440,pattern={{ major }}.{{ minor }},suffix=-${TAG},value=${{ needs.docker-plan.outputs.tag }}\n"
+            TAG_PATTERNS="${TAG_PATTERNS}type=pep440,pattern={{ version }},suffix=-${TAG},value=${TAG}\n"
+            TAG_PATTERNS="${TAG_PATTERNS}type=pep440,pattern={{ major }}.{{ minor }},suffix=-${TAG},value=${TAG}\n"
             TAG_PATTERNS="${TAG_PATTERNS}type=raw,value=${TAG}\n"
           done
 
@@ -250,6 +255,8 @@ jobs:
             echo -e "${TAG_PATTERNS}"
             echo EOF
           } >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        env:
+          TAG: ${{ needs.docker-plan.outputs.tag }}
 
       - name: Extract metadata (tags, labels) for Docker
         id: meta
@@ -334,6 +341,11 @@ jobs:
   docker-annotate-base:
     name: annotate uv
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      id-token: write # for GHCR signing
+      packages: write # for GHCR image pushes
+      attestations: write # for GHCR attestations
     environment:
       name: ${{ needs.docker-plan.outputs.push == 'true' && 'release' || '' }}
     needs: