diff --git a/common/type_system/Type.cpp b/common/type_system/Type.cpp
index 160af24e3e..3dd0fe1a80 100644
--- a/common/type_system/Type.cpp
+++ b/common/type_system/Type.cpp
@@ -227,35 +227,35 @@ std::string Type::print_method_info() const {
 NoneType::NoneType() : Type("", "none", false) {}
 
 bool NoneType::is_reference() const {
-  throw std::exception("is_reference called on NoneType");
+  throw std::runtime_error("is_reference called on NoneType");
 }
 
 int NoneType::get_load_size() const {
-  throw std::exception("get_load_size called on NoneType");
+  throw std::runtime_error("get_load_size called on NoneType");
 }
 
 bool NoneType::get_load_signed() const {
-  throw std::exception("get_load_size called on NoneType");
+  throw std::runtime_error("get_load_size called on NoneType");
 }
 
 int NoneType::get_size_in_memory() const {
-  throw std::exception("get_size_in_memory called on NoneType");
+  throw std::runtime_error("get_size_in_memory called on NoneType");
 }
 
 RegKind NoneType::get_preferred_reg_kind() const {
-  throw std::exception("get_preferred_reg_kind called on NoneType");
+  throw std::runtime_error("get_preferred_reg_kind called on NoneType");
 }
 
 int NoneType::get_offset() const {
-  throw std::exception("get_offset called on NoneType");
+  throw std::runtime_error("get_offset called on NoneType");
 }
 
 int NoneType::get_in_memory_alignment() const {
-  throw std::exception("get_in_memory_alignment called on NoneType");
+  throw std::runtime_error("get_in_memory_alignment called on NoneType");
 }
 
 int NoneType::get_inline_array_alignment() const {
-  throw std::exception("get_inline_array_alignment called on NoneType");
+  throw std::runtime_error("get_inline_array_alignment called on NoneType");
 }
 
 std::string NoneType::print() const {
diff --git a/common/type_system/TypeSystem.cpp b/common/type_system/TypeSystem.cpp
index 9cbabfd54a..76e4005c59 100644
--- a/common/type_system/TypeSystem.cpp
+++ b/common/type_system/TypeSystem.cpp
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Type* TypeSystem::add_type(const std::string& name, std::unique_ptr<Type> type)
         // update the type
         m_types[name] = std::move(type);
       } else {
-        throw std::exception("Type was redefined with throw_on_redefine set.");
+        throw std::runtime_error("Type was redefined with throw_on_redefine set.");
       }
     }
   } else {
@@ -43,13 +43,13 @@ Type* TypeSystem::add_type(const std::string& name, std::unique_ptr<Type> type)
       if (m_forward_declared_types.find(type->get_parent()) != m_forward_declared_types.end()) {
         fmt::print("[TypeSystem] Type {} has incompletely defined parent {}\n", type->get_name(),
                    type->get_parent());
-        throw std::exception("add_type failed");
+        throw std::runtime_error("add_type failed");
       }
 
       if (m_types.find(type->get_parent()) == m_types.end()) {
         fmt::print("[TypeSystem] Type {} has undefined parent {}\n", type->get_name(),
                    type->get_parent());
-        throw std::exception("add_type failed");
+        throw std::runtime_error("add_type failed");
       }
     }
 
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ TypeSpec TypeSystem::make_typespec(const std::string& name) {
     return TypeSpec(name);
   } else {
     fmt::print("[TypeSystem] The type {} is unknown.\n", name);
-    throw std::exception("make_typespec failed");
+    throw std::runtime_error("make_typespec failed");
   }
 }
 
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ Type* TypeSystem::lookup_type(const std::string& name) {
     fmt::print("[TypeSystem] The type {} is not defined.\n", name);
   }
 
-  throw std::exception("lookup_type failed");
+  throw std::runtime_error("lookup_type failed");
 }
 
 /*!
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ MethodInfo TypeSystem::add_method(Type* type, const std::string& method_name, co
           method_name, type->get_name(), existing_info.type.print(), ts.print());
       // unlike type re-definition, method re-definition is almost certain to go wrong.
       // probably better to give up.
-      throw std::exception("method redefinition");
+      throw std::runtime_error("method redefinition");
     }
 
     return existing_info;
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ MethodInfo TypeSystem::add_new_method(Type* type, const TypeSpec& ts) {
           "[TypeSystem] The new method of {} was originally defined as {}, but has been redefined "
           "as {}\n",
           type->get_name(), existing.type.print(), ts.print());
-      throw std::exception("add_new_method failed");
+      throw std::runtime_error("add_new_method failed");
     }
 
     return existing;
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ MethodInfo TypeSystem::lookup_method(const std::string& type_name, const std::st
   }
 
   fmt::print("[TypeSystem] The method {} of type {} could not be found.\n", method_name, type_name);
-  throw std::exception("lookup_method failed");
+  throw std::runtime_error("lookup_method failed");
 }
 
 /*!
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ MethodInfo TypeSystem::lookup_new_method(const std::string& type_name) {
   }
 
   fmt::print("[TypeSystem] The new method of type {} could not be found.\n", type_name);
-  throw std::exception("lookup_new_method failed");
+  throw std::runtime_error("lookup_new_method failed");
 }
 
 /*!
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ void TypeSystem::assert_field_offset(const std::string& type_name,
   if (field.offset() != offset) {
     fmt::print("[TypeSystem] assert_field_offset({}, {}, {}) failed - got {}\n", type_name,
                field_name, offset);
-    throw std::exception("assert_field_offset failed");
+    throw std::runtime_error("assert_field_offset failed");
   }
 }
 
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ int TypeSystem::add_field_to_type(StructureType* type,
                                   int offset_override) {
   if (type->lookup_field(field_name, nullptr)) {
     fmt::print("[TypeSystem] Type {} already has a field named {}\n", type->get_name(), field_name);
-    throw std::exception("add_field_to_type duplicate field names");
+    throw std::runtime_error("add_field_to_type duplicate field names");
   }
 
   // first, construct the field
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ int TypeSystem::add_field_to_type(StructureType* type,
           "[TypeSystem] Tried to overwrite offset of field to be {}, but it is not aligned "
           "correctly\n",
           offset);
-      throw std::exception("add_field_to_type bad offset_override");
+      throw std::runtime_error("add_field_to_type bad offset_override");
     }
   }
 
@@ -649,7 +649,7 @@ Field TypeSystem::lookup_field(const std::string& type_name, const std::string&
   Field field;
   if (!type->lookup_field(field_name, &field)) {
     fmt::print("[TypeSystem] Type {} has no field named {}\n", type_name, field_name);
-    throw std::exception("lookup_field failed");
+    throw std::runtime_error("lookup_field failed");
   }
   return field;
 }
diff --git a/common/type_system/TypeSystem.h b/common/type_system/TypeSystem.h
index e290c13f06..d866804db5 100644
--- a/common/type_system/TypeSystem.h
+++ b/common/type_system/TypeSystem.h
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class TypeSystem {
     auto x = lookup_type(type_name);
     T* result = dynamic_cast<T*>(x);
     if (!result) {
-      throw std::exception("Failed to get the right type");
+      throw std::runtime_error("Failed to get the right type");
     }
     return result;
   }
diff --git a/decompiler/ObjectFile/LinkedObjectFile.cpp b/decompiler/ObjectFile/LinkedObjectFile.cpp
index 263144d4b1..d02fc3bf31 100644
--- a/decompiler/ObjectFile/LinkedObjectFile.cpp
+++ b/decompiler/ObjectFile/LinkedObjectFile.cpp
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ void LinkedObjectFile::append_word_to_string(std::string& dest, const LinkedWord
       sprintf(buff, "    .sym-off 0x%x %s\n", word.data >> 16, word.symbol_name.c_str());
       break;
     default:
-      throw std::exception("nyi");
+      throw std::runtime_error("nyi");
   }
 
   dest += buff;
diff --git a/decompiler/ObjectFile/LinkedObjectFileCreation.cpp b/decompiler/ObjectFile/LinkedObjectFileCreation.cpp
index a4d99849d1..d61b515224 100644
--- a/decompiler/ObjectFile/LinkedObjectFileCreation.cpp
+++ b/decompiler/ObjectFile/LinkedObjectFileCreation.cpp
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ static uint32_t c_symlink2(LinkedObjectFile& f,
           word_kind = LinkedWord::TYPE_PTR;
           break;
         default:
-          throw std::exception("unhandled SymbolLinkKind");
+          throw std::runtime_error("unhandled SymbolLinkKind");
       }
 
       f.symbol_link_word(seg_id, code_ptr_offset - initial_offset, name, word_kind);
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ static uint32_t c_symlink3(LinkedObjectFile& f,
           word_kind = LinkedWord::TYPE_PTR;
           break;
         default:
-          throw std::exception("unhandled SymbolLinkKind");
+          throw std::runtime_error("unhandled SymbolLinkKind");
       }
 
       f.symbol_link_word(seg, code_ptr - initial_offset, name, word_kind);
diff --git a/decompiler/util/FileIO.cpp b/decompiler/util/FileIO.cpp
index b3f63d16fa..9a7dd7224b 100644
--- a/decompiler/util/FileIO.cpp
+++ b/decompiler/util/FileIO.cpp
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ std::string combine_path(const std::string& parent, const std::string& child) {
 
 std::vector<uint8_t> read_binary_file(const std::string& filename) {
   auto fp = fopen(filename.c_str(), "rb");
-  if(!fp) throw std::exception("File cannot be opened");
+  if(!fp) throw std::runtime_error("File cannot be opened");
   fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_END);
   auto len = ftell(fp);
   rewind(fp);
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ std::vector<uint8_t> read_binary_file(const std::string& filename) {
   data.resize(len);
 
   if(fread(data.data(), len, 1, fp) != 1) {
-    throw std::exception("File cannot be read");
+    throw std::runtime_error("File cannot be read");
   }
 
   return data;
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ void write_text_file(const std::string& file_name, const std::string& text) {
   FILE* fp = fopen(file_name.c_str(), "w");
   if(!fp) {
     printf("Failed to fopen %s\n", file_name.c_str());
-    throw std::exception("Failed to open file");
+    throw std::runtime_error("Failed to open file");
   }
   fprintf(fp, "%s\n", text.c_str());
   fclose(fp);
diff --git a/decompiler/util/LispPrint.cpp b/decompiler/util/LispPrint.cpp
index a2a0877950..103fa42f5a 100644
--- a/decompiler/util/LispPrint.cpp
+++ b/decompiler/util/LispPrint.cpp
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ void Form::buildStringSimple(std::string &str) {
         str.append(*token.str);
         break;
       default:
-        throw std::exception("buildStringSimple unknown token kind");
+        throw std::runtime_error("buildStringSimple unknown token kind");
     }
   }
 }
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ void Form::toTokenList(std::vector<FormToken> &tokens) {
       tokens.emplace_back(TokenKind::EMPTY_PAIR);
       break;
     default:
-      throw std::exception("unhandled form type in buildSimpleString");
+      throw std::runtime_error("unhandled form type in buildSimpleString");
       break;
   }
 }
diff --git a/decompiler/util/LispPrint.h b/decompiler/util/LispPrint.h
index 5a537b3021..28eaf1f5db 100644
--- a/decompiler/util/LispPrint.h
+++ b/decompiler/util/LispPrint.h
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ struct FormToken {
         s.append(*str);
         break;
       default:
-        throw std::exception("toString unknown token kind");
+        throw std::runtime_error("toString unknown token kind");
     }
     return s;
   }
diff --git a/game/kernel/Ptr.h b/game/kernel/Ptr.h
index 0f9c7811a8..9764de9fb4 100644
--- a/game/kernel/Ptr.h
+++ b/game/kernel/Ptr.h
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ struct Ptr {
     if (offset) {
       return (T*)(g_ee_main_mem + offset);
     } else {
-      throw std::exception("Ptr null dereference!");
+      throw std::runtime_error("Ptr null dereference!");
     }
   }
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ struct Ptr {
     if (offset) {
       return *(T*)(g_ee_main_mem + offset);
     } else {
-      throw std::exception("Ptr null dereference!");
+      throw std::runtime_error("Ptr null dereference!");
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/game/kernel/klink.cpp b/game/kernel/klink.cpp
index 3326b64ba5..38eba8ee74 100644
--- a/game/kernel/klink.cpp
+++ b/game/kernel/klink.cpp
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ uint32_t cross_seg_dist_link_v3(Ptr<uint8_t> link,
   } else if (size == 8) {
     *Ptr<int64_t>(offset_of_patch).c() = diff;
   } else {
-    throw std::exception("unknown size in cross_seg_dist_link_v3");
+    throw std::runtime_error("unknown size in cross_seg_dist_link_v3");
   }
 
   return 1 + 3 * 4;
diff --git a/game/kernel/kprint.cpp b/game/kernel/kprint.cpp
index f57f5af5c3..59b086a667 100644
--- a/game/kernel/kprint.cpp
+++ b/game/kernel/kprint.cpp
@@ -338,10 +338,10 @@ s32 cvt_float(float x, s32 precision, s32* lead_char, char* buff_start, char* bu
       value = (char)rounder;
     } else if (!(ru32 >> 31)) {  // sign bit
       value = 0;
-      throw std::exception("got very large exponent in rounding calculation");
+      throw std::runtime_error("got very large exponent in rounding calculation");
     } else {
       value = -1;  // happens on NaN's
-      //      throw std::exception("got negative sign bit in rounding calculation");
+      //      throw std::runtime_error("got negative sign bit in rounding calculation");
     }
 
     // place number at the end of the buffer and move pointer back
@@ -386,10 +386,10 @@ s32 cvt_float(float x, s32 precision, s32* lead_char, char* buff_start, char* bu
           value = (char)next_int;
         } else if (!(ru32 >> 0x1f)) {
           value = 0;
-          throw std::exception("got very large exponent in rounding calculation");
+          throw std::runtime_error("got very large exponent in rounding calculation");
         } else {
           value = -1;  // happens on NaN's
-          //          throw std::exception("got negative sign bit in rounding calculation");
+          //          throw std::runtime_error("got negative sign bit in rounding calculation");
         }
         *count_chrp = value + '0';
         count_chrp++;
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ s32 cvt_float(float x, s32 precision, s32* lead_char, char* buff_start, char* bu
     // however, the rounding flag is always disabled and the rounding code doesn't work.
     if ((fraction_part != 0.f) && ((flags & 1) != 0)) {
       start_ptr = round(fraction_part, nullptr, start_ptr, count_chrp - 1, 0, lead_char);
-      throw std::exception("cvt_float called round!");
+      throw std::runtime_error("cvt_float called round!");
     }
   }
 
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ char* kitoa(char* buffer, s64 value, u64 base, s32 length, char pad, u32 flag) {
  * uses C varags, but 128-bit varags don't work, so "format" always passes 0 for quadword printing.
  */
 void kqtoa() {
-  throw std::exception("kqtoa not implemented");
+  throw std::runtime_error("kqtoa not implemented");
 }
 
 struct format_struct {
@@ -791,7 +791,7 @@ s32 format_impl(uint64_t* args) {
                 }
                 kstrinsert(output_ptr, pad, desired_length - print_len);
               } else {
-                throw std::exception("unsupported justify in format");
+                throw std::runtime_error("unsupported justify in format");
                 //                output_ptr = strend(output_ptr);
                 //                while(0 < (desired_length - print_len)) {
                 //                  char pad = ' ';
@@ -842,7 +842,7 @@ s32 format_impl(uint64_t* args) {
                 kstrinsert(output_ptr, pad, desired_length - print_len);
 
               } else {
-                throw std::exception("unsupported justify in format");
+                throw std::runtime_error("unsupported justify in format");
                 //                output_ptr = strend(output_ptr);
                 //                u32 l140 = 0;
                 //                while(l140 < (desired_length - print_len)) {
@@ -883,7 +883,7 @@ s32 format_impl(uint64_t* args) {
                 call_method_of_type(in, type, GOAL_PRINT_FUNC);
               }
             } else {
-              throw std::exception("failed to find symbol in format!");
+              throw std::runtime_error("failed to find symbol in format!");
             }
           }
           output_ptr = strend(output_ptr);
@@ -904,7 +904,7 @@ s32 format_impl(uint64_t* args) {
                 call_method_of_type(in, type, GOAL_INSPECT_FUNC);
               }
             } else {
-              throw std::exception("failed to find symbol in format!");
+              throw std::runtime_error("failed to find symbol in format!");
             }
           }
           output_ptr = strend(output_ptr);
@@ -912,7 +912,7 @@ s32 format_impl(uint64_t* args) {
 
         case 'Q':  // not yet implemented.  hopefully andy gavin finishes this one soon.
         case 'q':
-          throw std::exception("nyi q format string");
+          throw std::runtime_error("nyi q format string");
           break;
 
         case 'X':  // hex, 64 bit, pad padchar
@@ -1009,7 +1009,7 @@ s32 format_impl(uint64_t* args) {
             precision = 4;
           float value;
           if (in < 0) {
-            throw std::exception("time seconds format error negative.\n");
+            throw std::runtime_error("time seconds format error negative.\n");
           } else {
             value = in;
           }
@@ -1025,7 +1025,7 @@ s32 format_impl(uint64_t* args) {
 
         default:
           MsgErr("format: unknown code 0x%02x\n", format_ptr[1]);
-          throw std::exception("format error");
+          throw std::runtime_error("format error");
           break;
       }
       format_ptr++;
@@ -1067,13 +1067,13 @@ s32 format_impl(uint64_t* args) {
         *PrintPendingLocal3 = 0;
         return 0;
       } else if (type == *Ptr<Ptr<Type>>(s7.offset + FIX_SYM_FILE_STREAM_TYPE)) {
-        throw std::exception("FORMAT into a file stream not supported");
+        throw std::runtime_error("FORMAT into a file stream not supported");
       }
     }
-    throw std::exception("unknown format destination");
+    throw std::runtime_error("unknown format destination");
     return 0;
   }
 
-  throw std::exception("how did we get here?");
+  throw std::runtime_error("how did we get here?");
   return 7;
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/game/kernel/kscheme.cpp b/game/kernel/kscheme.cpp
index 6e69334ad8..8e21544dac 100644
--- a/game/kernel/kscheme.cpp
+++ b/game/kernel/kscheme.cpp
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ u64 goal_malloc(u32 heap, u32 size, u32 flags, u32 name) {
  */
 u64 alloc_from_heap(u32 heapSymbol, u32 type, s32 size) {
   if (size <= 0) {
-    throw std::exception("got <= 0 size allocation in alloc_from_heap!");
+    throw std::runtime_error("got <= 0 size allocation in alloc_from_heap!");
   }
 
   // align to 16 bytes (part one)
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ u64 alloc_from_heap(u32 heapSymbol, u32 type, s32 size) {
 
     return kmalloc(*Ptr<Ptr<kheapinfo>>(heapSymbol), size, KMALLOC_MEMSET, gstr->data()).offset;
   } else if (heapOffset == FIX_SYM_PROCESS_TYPE) {
-    throw std::exception("this type of process allocation is not supported yet!\n");
+    throw std::runtime_error("this type of process allocation is not supported yet!\n");
     // allocate on current process heap
     //    Ptr start = *ptr<Ptr>(getS6() + 0x4c + 8);
     //    Ptr heapEnd = *ptr<Ptr>(getS6() + 0x4c + 4);
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ u64 alloc_from_heap(u32 heapSymbol, u32 type, s32 size) {
     //      alignedSize); return 0;
     //    }
   } else if (heapOffset == FIX_SYM_SCRATCH) {
-    throw std::exception("this type of scratchpad allocation is not used!\n");
+    throw std::runtime_error("this type of scratchpad allocation is not used!\n");
   } else {
     memset(Ptr<u8>(heapSymbol).c(), 0, (size_t)alignedSize);  // treat it as a stack address
     return heapSymbol;
@@ -920,7 +920,7 @@ u64 call_method_of_type(u32 arg, Ptr<Type> type, u32 method_id) {
               (*type_tag).offset);
     }
   }
-  // throw std::exception("call_method_of_type failed!\n");
+  // throw std::runtime_error("call_method_of_type failed!\n");
   printf("[ERROR] call_method_of_type failed!\n");
   printf("type is %s\n", info(type->symbol)->str->data());
   return arg;
@@ -958,7 +958,7 @@ u64 call_method_of_type_arg2(u32 arg, Ptr<Type> type, u32 method_id, u32 a1, u32
               (*type_tag).offset);
     }
   }
-  throw std::exception("call_method_of_type failed!\n");
+  throw std::runtime_error("call_method_of_type failed!\n");
   return arg;
 }
 
diff --git a/game/runtime.cpp b/game/runtime.cpp
index 554f09860a..9644c544c0 100644
--- a/game/runtime.cpp
+++ b/game/runtime.cpp
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ void deci2_runner(SystemThreadInterface& interfaces) {
 //  server.wait_for_protos_ready();
 //  // then allow the server to accept connections
 //  if (!server.init()) {
-//    throw std::exception("DECI2 server init failed");
+//    throw std::runtime_error("DECI2 server init failed");
 //  }
 //
 //  printf("[DECI2] waiting for listener...\n");
diff --git a/game/sce/iop.cpp b/game/sce/iop.cpp
index 002d8b8179..6f954a0183 100644
--- a/game/sce/iop.cpp
+++ b/game/sce/iop.cpp
@@ -201,12 +201,12 @@ s32 CreateSema(SemaParam* param) {
 
 s32 WaitSema(s32 sema) {
   (void)sema;
-  throw std::exception("NYI");
+  throw std::runtime_error("NYI");
 }
 
 s32 SignalSema(s32 sema) {
   (void)sema;
-  throw std::exception("NYI");
+  throw std::runtime_error("NYI");
 }
 
 s32 WakeupThread(s32 thid) {
diff --git a/game/sce/stubs.cpp b/game/sce/stubs.cpp
index 7f92ade562..4e218a4739 100644
--- a/game/sce/stubs.cpp
+++ b/game/sce/stubs.cpp
@@ -6,33 +6,33 @@ namespace ee {
 s32 sceOpen(const char *filename, s32 flag) {
   (void)filename;
   (void)flag;
-  throw std::exception("sceOpen NYI");
+  throw std::runtime_error("sceOpen NYI");
 }
 
 s32 sceClose(s32 fd) {
   (void)fd;
-  throw std::exception("sceClose NYI");
+  throw std::runtime_error("sceClose NYI");
 }
 
 s32 sceRead(s32 fd, void *buf, s32 nbyte) {
   (void)fd;
   (void)buf;
   (void)nbyte;
-  throw std::exception("sceRead NYI");
+  throw std::runtime_error("sceRead NYI");
 }
 
 s32 sceWrite(s32 fd, const void *buf, s32 nbyte) {
   (void)fd;
   (void)buf;
   (void)nbyte;
-  throw std::exception("sceWrite NYI");
+  throw std::runtime_error("sceWrite NYI");
 }
 
 s32 sceLseek(s32 fd, s32 offset, s32 where) {
   (void)fd;
   (void)offset;
   (void)where;
-  throw std::exception("sceLseek NYI");
+  throw std::runtime_error("sceLseek NYI");
 }
 
 int scePadPortOpen(int port, int slot, void* data) {
diff --git a/game/system/Deci2Server.cpp b/game/system/Deci2Server.cpp
index 21b9e89bba..f6606d7196 100644
--- a/game/system/Deci2Server.cpp
+++ b/game/system/Deci2Server.cpp
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ void Deci2Server::run() {
     printf("[DECI2] Warning: no handler for this message, ignoring...\n");
     unlock();
     return;
-    //    throw std::exception("no handler!");
+    //    throw std::runtime_error("no handler!");
   }
 
   auto& driver = d2_drivers[handler];
diff --git a/game/system/IOP_Kernel.cpp b/game/system/IOP_Kernel.cpp
index 291aaa3381..f7093b5026 100644
--- a/game/system/IOP_Kernel.cpp
+++ b/game/system/IOP_Kernel.cpp
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@
  * Create a new thread.  Will not run the thread.
  */
 s32 IOP_Kernel::CreateThread(std::string name, u32 (*func)()) {
-  if(_currentThread != -1) throw std::exception("tried to create thread from thread");
+  if(_currentThread != -1) throw std::runtime_error("tried to create thread from thread");
   u32 ID = (u32)_nextThID++;
-  if(threads.size() != ID) throw std::exception("thread number error?");
+  if(threads.size() != ID) throw std::runtime_error("thread number error?");
   // add entry
   threads.emplace_back(name, func, ID, this);
   // setup the thread!
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ void IOP_Kernel::setupThread(s32 id) {
   threads.at(id).waitForDispatch();
   // printf("[IOP Kernel] Thread %s first dispatch!\n", threads.at(id).name.c_str());
   if(_currentThread != id) {
-    throw std::exception("the wrong thread has run!\n");
+    throw std::runtime_error("the wrong thread has run!\n");
   }
   (threads.at(id).function)();
   printf("Thread %s has returned!\n", threads.at(id).name.c_str());
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ void IOP_Kernel::setupThread(s32 id) {
  * Run a thread (call from kernel)
  */
 void IOP_Kernel::runThread(s32 id) {
-  if(_currentThread != -1) throw std::exception("tried to runThread in a thread");
+  if(_currentThread != -1) throw std::runtime_error("tried to runThread in a thread");
   _currentThread = id;
   threads.at(id).dispatch();
   threads.at(id).waitForReturnToKernel();
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ void IOP_Kernel::SuspendThread() {
   threads.at(oldThread).returnToKernel();
   threads.at(oldThread).waitForDispatch();
   if(_currentThread != oldThread) {
-    throw std::exception("bad resume");
+    throw std::runtime_error("bad resume");
   }
 }
 
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ void IOP_Kernel::dispatchAll() {
  */
 void IopThreadRecord::returnToKernel() {
   runThreadReady = false;
-  if(kernel->getCurrentThread() != thID) throw std::exception("tried to sleep the wrong thread!");
+  if(kernel->getCurrentThread() != thID) throw std::runtime_error("tried to sleep the wrong thread!");
 
   {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lck(*threadToKernelMutex);
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ void IopThreadRecord::returnToKernel() {
  */
 void IopThreadRecord::dispatch() {
   syscallReady = false;
-  if(kernel->getCurrentThread() != thID) throw std::exception("tried to dispatch the wrong thread!");
+  if(kernel->getCurrentThread() != thID) throw std::runtime_error("tried to dispatch the wrong thread!");
   {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lck(*kernelToThreadMutex);
     runThreadReady = true;
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ void IopThreadRecord::waitForReturnToKernel() {
  * Thread waits for kernel to dispatch it.
  */
 void IopThreadRecord::waitForDispatch() {
-  //if(kernel->getCurrentThread() == -1) throw std::exception("tried to suspend main!\n");
+  //if(kernel->getCurrentThread() == -1) throw std::runtime_error("tried to suspend main!\n");
   std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck(*kernelToThreadMutex);
   kernelToThreadCV->wait(lck, [this]{return runThreadReady;});
   //runThreadReady = false;
diff --git a/game/system/IOP_Kernel.h b/game/system/IOP_Kernel.h
index c811770be5..d05083dbc8 100644
--- a/game/system/IOP_Kernel.h
+++ b/game/system/IOP_Kernel.h
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ public:
    * Resume the kernel.
    */
   void returnToKernel() {
-    if(_currentThread < 0) throw std::exception("tried to return to kernel not in a thread");
+    if(_currentThread < 0) throw std::runtime_error("tried to return to kernel not in a thread");
     threads[_currentThread].returnToKernel();
   }
 
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ public:
       return -0x1a9;
     }
 //    printf("poll %d %ld\n", mbx, mbxs.size());
-    if(mbx >= (s32) mbxs.size()) throw std::exception("invalid PollMbx");
+    if(mbx >= (s32) mbxs.size()) throw std::runtime_error("invalid PollMbx");
     s32 gotSomething =  mbxs[mbx].empty() ? 0 : 1;
     if(gotSomething) {
       void* thing = mbxs[mbx].front();
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ public:
    * Push something into a mbx
    */
   s32 SendMbx(s32 mbx, void* value) {
-    if(mbx >= (s32) mbxs.size()) throw std::exception("invalid SendMbx");
+    if(mbx >= (s32) mbxs.size()) throw std::runtime_error("invalid SendMbx");
     mbxs[mbx].push(value);
 //    printf("push into messagebox %d %p\n", mbx, value);
 //    printf("mbx size %ld\n", mbxs.size());
diff --git a/game/system/SystemThread.cpp b/game/system/SystemThread.cpp
index 1860f59507..f938b32ccd 100644
--- a/game/system/SystemThread.cpp
+++ b/game/system/SystemThread.cpp
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
  */
 SystemThread& SystemThreadManager::create_thread(const std::string& name) {
   if (thread_count >= MAX_SYSTEM_THREADS) {
-    throw std::exception("Out of System Threads!  Please increase MAX_SYSTEM_THREADS");
+    throw std::runtime_error("Out of System Threads!  Please increase MAX_SYSTEM_THREADS");
   }
   auto& thread = threads[thread_count];
 
diff --git a/goalc/goos/Interpreter.cpp b/goalc/goos/Interpreter.cpp
index 64bb0ffc57..f0d03f4d81 100644
--- a/goalc/goos/Interpreter.cpp
+++ b/goalc/goos/Interpreter.cpp
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ void Interpreter::execute_repl() {
       Object evald = eval_with_rewind(obj, global_environment.as_env());
       // print
       printf("%s\n", evald.print().c_str());
-    } catch (std::exception& e) {
+    } catch (std::runtime_error& e) {
       printf("REPL Error: %s\n", e.what());
     }
   }
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ void Interpreter::execute_repl() {
  * for debugging.
  */
 void Interpreter::throw_eval_error(const Object& o, const std::string& err) {
- // throw std::exception("[GOOS] Evaluation error on " + o.print() + ": " + err + "\n" +
+ // throw std::runtime_error("[GOOS] Evaluation error on " + o.print() + ": " + err + "\n" +
                           // reader.db.get_info_for(o));
 }
 
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ Object Interpreter::eval_with_rewind(const Object& obj,
   Object result = EmptyListObject::make_new();
   try {
     result = eval(obj, env);
-  } catch (std::exception& e) {
+  } catch (std::runtime_error& e) {
     if (!disable_printing) {
       printf("-----------------------------------------\n");
       printf("From object %s\nat %s\n", obj.inspect().c_str(), reader.db.get_info_for(obj).c_str());
diff --git a/goalc/goos/InterpreterEval.cpp b/goalc/goos/InterpreterEval.cpp
index 183566402c..8f73c46052 100644
--- a/goalc/goos/InterpreterEval.cpp
+++ b/goalc/goos/InterpreterEval.cpp
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ Object Interpreter::eval_read(const Object& form,
 
   try {
     return reader.read_from_string(args.unnamed.at(0).as_string()->data);
-  } catch (std::exception& e) {
+  } catch (std::runtime_error& e) {
     throw_eval_error(form, std::string("reader error inside of read:\n") + e.what());
   }
 
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ Object Interpreter::eval_read_file(const Object& form,
 
   try {
     return reader.read_from_file(args.unnamed.at(0).as_string()->data);
-  } catch (std::exception& e) {
+  } catch (std::runtime_error& e) {
     throw_eval_error(form, std::string("reader error inside of read-file:\n") + e.what());
   }
   return EmptyListObject::make_new();
@@ -85,13 +85,13 @@ Object Interpreter::eval_load_file(const Object& form,
   Object o;
   try {
     o = reader.read_from_file(args.unnamed.at(0).as_string()->data);
-  } catch (std::exception& e) {
+  } catch (std::runtime_error& e) {
     throw_eval_error(form, std::string("reader error inside of load-file:\n") + e.what());
   }
 
   try {
     return eval_with_rewind(o, global_environment.as_env());
-  } catch (std::exception& e) {
+  } catch (std::runtime_error& e) {
     throw_eval_error(form, std::string("eval error inside of load-file:\n") + e.what());
   }
   return EmptyListObject::make_new();
diff --git a/goalc/goos/Object.cpp b/goalc/goos/Object.cpp
index 0b5792a039..f2f0dfd623 100644
--- a/goalc/goos/Object.cpp
+++ b/goalc/goos/Object.cpp
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ std::string object_type_to_string(ObjectType type) {
     case ObjectType::ENVIRONMENT:
       return "[environment]";
     default:
-      throw std::exception("unknown object type in object_type_to_string");
+      throw std::runtime_error("unknown object type in object_type_to_string");
   }
 }
 
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ bool Object::operator==(const Object& other) const {
     }
 
     default:
-      throw std::exception("equality not implemented for");
+      throw std::runtime_error("equality not implemented for");
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/goalc/goos/Object.h b/goalc/goos/Object.h
index bf45ba384d..9f6ba23e31 100644
--- a/goalc/goos/Object.h
+++ b/goalc/goos/Object.h
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ class Object {
 
   std::shared_ptr<PairObject> as_pair() const {
     if (type != ObjectType::PAIR) {
-     // throw std::exception("as_pair called on a " + object_type_to_string(type) + " " +
+     // throw std::runtime_error("as_pair called on a " + object_type_to_string(type) + " " +
                           //     print());
     }
     return std::dynamic_pointer_cast<PairObject>(heap_obj);
@@ -230,14 +230,14 @@ class Object {
 
   std::shared_ptr<EnvironmentObject> as_env() const {
     if (type != ObjectType::ENVIRONMENT) {
-     // throw std::exception("as_env called on a " + object_type_to_string(type) + " " + print());
+     // throw std::runtime_error("as_env called on a " + object_type_to_string(type) + " " + print());
     }
     return std::dynamic_pointer_cast<EnvironmentObject>(heap_obj);
   }
 
   std::shared_ptr<SymbolObject> as_symbol() const {
     if (type != ObjectType::SYMBOL) {
-     // throw std::exception("as_symbol called on a " + object_type_to_string(type) + " " +
+     // throw std::runtime_error("as_symbol called on a " + object_type_to_string(type) + " " +
                              //  print());
     }
     return std::dynamic_pointer_cast<SymbolObject>(heap_obj);
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ class Object {
 
   std::shared_ptr<StringObject> as_string() const {
     if (type != ObjectType::STRING) {
-     // throw std::exception("as_string called on a " + object_type_to_string(type) + " " +
+     // throw std::runtime_error("as_string called on a " + object_type_to_string(type) + " " +
                               // print());
     }
     return std::dynamic_pointer_cast<StringObject>(heap_obj);
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ class Object {
 
   std::shared_ptr<LambdaObject> as_lambda() const {
     if (type != ObjectType::LAMBDA) {
-     // throw std::exception("as_lambda called on a " + object_type_to_string(type) + " " +
+     // throw std::runtime_error("as_lambda called on a " + object_type_to_string(type) + " " +
                             //   print());
     }
     return std::dynamic_pointer_cast<LambdaObject>(heap_obj);
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ class Object {
 
   std::shared_ptr<MacroObject> as_macro() const {
     if (type != ObjectType::MACRO) {
-     // throw std::exception("as_macro called on a " + object_type_to_string(type) + " " +
+     // throw std::runtime_error("as_macro called on a " + object_type_to_string(type) + " " +
                             //   print());
     }
     return std::dynamic_pointer_cast<MacroObject>(heap_obj);
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ class Object {
 
   std::shared_ptr<ArrayObject> as_array() const {
     if (type != ObjectType::ARRAY) {
-    //  throw std::exception("as_array called on a " + object_type_to_string(type) + " " +
+    //  throw std::runtime_error("as_array called on a " + object_type_to_string(type) + " " +
                              //  print());
     }
     return std::dynamic_pointer_cast<ArrayObject>(heap_obj);
@@ -277,14 +277,14 @@ class Object {
 
   IntType& as_int() {
     if (type != ObjectType::INTEGER) {
-     // throw std::exception("as_int called on a " + object_type_to_string(type) + " " + print());
+     // throw std::runtime_error("as_int called on a " + object_type_to_string(type) + " " + print());
     }
     return integer_obj.value;
   }
 
   FloatType& as_float() {
     if (type != ObjectType::FLOAT) {
-     // throw std::exception("as_float called on a " + object_type_to_string(type) + " " +
+     // throw std::runtime_error("as_float called on a " + object_type_to_string(type) + " " +
                            //    print());
     }
     return float_obj.value;
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ class Object {
 
   char& as_char() {
     if (type != ObjectType::CHAR) {
-     // throw std::exception("as_char called on a " + object_type_to_string(type) + " " +
+     // throw std::runtime_error("as_char called on a " + object_type_to_string(type) + " " +
                        //        print());
     }
     return char_obj.value;
diff --git a/goalc/goos/Reader.cpp b/goalc/goos/Reader.cpp
index a66bafb5ca..b329d8a350 100644
--- a/goalc/goos/Reader.cpp
+++ b/goalc/goos/Reader.cpp
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ Reader::Reader() {
   // find the source directory
   auto result = std::getenv("NEXT_DIR");
   if (!result) {
-    throw std::exception(
+    throw std::runtime_error(
         "Environment variable NEXT_DIR is not set.  Please set this to point to next/");
   }
 
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ bool Reader::read_object(Token& tok, TextStream& ts, Object& obj) {
     if (try_token_as_symbol(tok, obj)) {
       return true;
     }
-  } catch (std::exception& e) {
+  } catch (std::runtime_error& e) {
     throw_reader_error(ts, "parsing token " + tok.text + " failed: " + e.what(), -1);
   }
 
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ bool Reader::try_token_as_float(const Token& tok, Object& obj) {
         return false;
       obj = Object::make_float(v);
       return true;
-    } catch (std::exception& e) {
+    } catch (std::runtime_error& e) {
       return false;
     }
   }
@@ -627,8 +627,8 @@ bool Reader::try_token_as_hex(const Token& tok, Object& obj) {
         return false;
       obj = Object::make_integer(v);
       return true;
-    } catch (std::exception& e) {
-      throw std::exception("The number cannot be a hexadecimal constant");
+    } catch (std::runtime_error& e) {
+      throw std::runtime_error("The number cannot be a hexadecimal constant");
     }
   }
   return false;
@@ -661,8 +661,8 @@ bool Reader::try_token_as_integer(const Token& tok, Object& obj) {
         return false;
       obj = Object::make_integer(v);
       return true;
-    } catch (std::exception& e) {
-      throw std::exception("The number cannot be an integer constant");
+    } catch (std::runtime_error& e) {
+      throw std::runtime_error("The number cannot be an integer constant");
     }
   }
   return false;
@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@ bool Reader::try_token_as_char(const Token& tok, Object& obj) {
  * Used for reader errors, like "missing close paren" or similar.
  */
 void Reader::throw_reader_error(TextStream& here, const std::string& err, int seek_offset) {
-  throw std::exception("Reader error at");
+  throw std::runtime_error("Reader error at");
 }
 
 /*!
diff --git a/goalc/listener/Deci2Server.cpp b/goalc/listener/Deci2Server.cpp
index 154cdf7638..be9732b917 100644
--- a/goalc/listener/Deci2Server.cpp
+++ b/goalc/listener/Deci2Server.cpp
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ void Deci2Server::run() {
     printf("[DECI2] Warning: no handler for this message, ignoring...\n");
     unlock();
     return;
-    //    throw std::exception("no handler!");
+    //    throw std::runtime_error("no handler!");
   }
 
   auto& driver = d2_drivers[handler];
diff --git a/goalc/listener/Listener.cpp b/goalc/listener/Listener.cpp
index 8ab1c4563a..143f95e082 100644
--- a/goalc/listener/Listener.cpp
+++ b/goalc/listener/Listener.cpp
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ bool Listener::is_connected() const {
 /*
 bool Listener::connect_to_target(const std::string& ip, int port) {
   if (m_connected) {
-    throw std::exception("attempted a Listener::connect_to_target when already connected!");
+    throw std::runtime_error("attempted a Listener::connect_to_target when already connected!");
   }
 
   if (socket_fd >= 0) {
diff --git a/goalc/util/file_io.cpp b/goalc/util/file_io.cpp
index 44b93035c5..b659ed7bca 100644
--- a/goalc/util/file_io.cpp
+++ b/goalc/util/file_io.cpp
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ namespace util {
 std::string read_text_file(const std::string& path) {
   std::ifstream file(path);
   if (!file.good()) {
-    throw std::exception("couldn't open ");
+    throw std::runtime_error("couldn't open ");
   }
   std::stringstream ss;
   ss << file.rdbuf();
diff --git a/third-party/fmt/format-inl.h b/third-party/fmt/format-inl.h
index db590a275e..c379681be2 100644
--- a/third-party/fmt/format-inl.h
+++ b/third-party/fmt/format-inl.h
@@ -226,8 +226,8 @@ FMT_FUNC void system_error::init(int err_code, string_view format_str,
   error_code_ = err_code;
   memory_buffer buffer;
   format_system_error(buffer, err_code, vformat(format_str, args));
-  std::exception& base = *this;
-//  base = std::exception(to_string(buffer));
+  std::runtime_error& base = *this;
+//  base = std::runtime_error(to_string(buffer));
 }
 
 namespace detail {
@@ -1175,7 +1175,7 @@ int snprintf_float(T value, int precision, float_specs specs,
     auto capacity = buf.capacity() - offset;
 #ifdef FMT_FUZZ
     if (precision > 100000)
-      throw std::exception(
+      throw std::runtime_error(
           "fuzz mode - avoid large allocation inside snprintf");
 #endif
     // Suppress the warning about a nonliteral format string.
@@ -1327,7 +1327,7 @@ FMT_FUNC detail::utf8_to_utf16::utf8_to_utf16(string_view s) {
     auto cp = uint32_t();
     auto error = 0;
     p = utf8_decode(p, &cp, &error);
-    if (error != 0) FMT_THROW(std::exception("invalid utf8"));
+    if (error != 0) FMT_THROW(std::runtime_error("invalid utf8"));
     if (cp <= 0xFFFF) {
       buffer_.push_back(static_cast<wchar_t>(cp));
     } else {
diff --git a/third-party/fmt/format.cc b/third-party/fmt/format.cc
index 42ea06ed74..a64a1f3893 100644
--- a/third-party/fmt/format.cc
+++ b/third-party/fmt/format.cc
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ int format_float(char* buf, std::size_t size, const char* format, int precision,
                  T value) {
 #ifdef FMT_FUZZ
   if (precision > 100000)
-    throw std::exception(
+    throw std::runtime_error(
         "fuzz mode - avoid large allocation inside snprintf");
 #endif
   // Suppress the warning about nonliteral format string.
diff --git a/third-party/fmt/format.h b/third-party/fmt/format.h
index b312bb4bee..a778ce376d 100644
--- a/third-party/fmt/format.h
+++ b/third-party/fmt/format.h
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ class basic_memory_buffer : public detail::buffer<T> {
 template <typename T, size_t SIZE, typename Allocator>
 void basic_memory_buffer<T, SIZE, Allocator>::grow(size_t size) {
 #ifdef FMT_FUZZ
-  if (size > 5000) throw std::exception("fuzz mode - won't grow that much");
+  if (size > 5000) throw std::runtime_error("fuzz mode - won't grow that much");
 #endif
   size_t old_capacity = this->capacity();
   size_t new_capacity = old_capacity + old_capacity / 2;
@@ -710,11 +710,11 @@ struct is_contiguous<basic_memory_buffer<T, SIZE, Allocator>> : std::true_type {
 
 /** A formatting error such as invalid format string. */
 FMT_CLASS_API
-class FMT_API format_error : public std::exception {
+class FMT_API format_error : public std::runtime_error {
  public:
-  explicit format_error(const char* message) : std::exception(message) {}
+  explicit format_error(const char* message) : std::runtime_error(message) {}
   explicit format_error(const std::string& message);
-  //    : std::exception(message) {}
+  //    : std::runtime_error(message) {}
   format_error(const format_error&) = default;
   format_error& operator=(const format_error&) = default;
   format_error(format_error&&) = default;
@@ -1145,7 +1145,7 @@ template <typename Char> class float_writer {
         }
 #ifdef FMT_FUZZ
         if (num_zeros > 5000)
-          throw std::exception("fuzz mode - avoiding excessive cpu use");
+          throw std::runtime_error("fuzz mode - avoiding excessive cpu use");
 #endif
         it = std::fill_n(it, num_zeros, static_cast<Char>('0'));
       }
@@ -2952,14 +2952,14 @@ using arg_formatter FMT_DEPRECATED_ALIAS =
  for example a file opening error.
 */
 FMT_CLASS_API
-class FMT_API system_error : public std::exception {
+class FMT_API system_error : public std::runtime_error {
  private:
   void init(int err_code, string_view format_str, format_args args);
 
  protected:
   int error_code_;
 
-  system_error() : std::exception(""), error_code_(0) {}
+  system_error() : std::runtime_error(""), error_code_(0) {}
 
  public:
   /**
@@ -2982,7 +2982,7 @@ class FMT_API system_error : public std::exception {
   */
   template <typename... Args>
   system_error(int error_code, string_view message, const Args&... args)
-      : std::exception("") {
+      : std::runtime_error("") {
     init(error_code, message, make_format_args(args...));
   }
   system_error(const system_error&) = default;
diff --git a/third-party/json.hpp b/third-party/json.hpp
index 54e5f75365..740e9f12a7 100644
--- a/third-party/json.hpp
+++ b/third-party/json.hpp
@@ -2324,7 +2324,7 @@ namespace detail
 /*!
 @brief general exception of the @ref basic_json class
 
-This class is an extension of `std::exception` objects with a member @a id for
+This class is an extension of `std::runtime_error` objects with a member @a id for
 exception ids. It is used as the base class for all exceptions thrown by the
 @ref basic_json class. This class can hence be used as "wildcard" to catch
 exceptions.
@@ -2339,7 +2339,7 @@ Subclasses:
 
 @internal
 @note To have nothrow-copy-constructible exceptions, we internally use
-      `std::exception` which can cope with arbitrary-length error messages.
+      `std::runtime_error` which can cope with arbitrary-length error messages.
       Intermediate strings are built with static functions and then passed to
       the actual constructor.
 @endinternal
@@ -2349,7 +2349,7 @@ caught.,exception}
 
 @since version 3.0.0
 */
-class exception : public std::exception
+class exception : public std::runtime_error
 {
   public:
     /// returns the explanatory string
@@ -2373,7 +2373,7 @@ class exception : public std::exception
 
   private:
     /// an exception object as storage for error messages
-    std::exception m;
+    std::runtime_error m;
 };
 
 /*!