psxrecomp/docs/BIOS_SELECTION.md

Which BIOS a build uses

A PlayStation game needs a BIOS. PSXRecomp can supply one — OpenBIOS, an MIT-licensed, from-scratch PS1 BIOS from the PCSX-Redux project that we are allowed to redistribute — so a player can be handed a build and a disc image and just play. A player who prefers their own dumped retail BIOS can use that instead.

In a developer build both recompiled BIOS backends are linked. The OpenBIOS image itself and its MIT notice are staged in bios/ beside the executable; the retail image is never shipped and comes from the player. Which backend runs is decided when the game launches, not when it is built.

Bundled releases link both backends. Decision 2026-09-30: the recompiled BIOS carries the same risk as the recompiled game, which titles already commit, so the framework commits generated/OpenBIOS_*.c and generated/SCPH1001_*.c (with their .emitter.sha stamps) and release CI links both. The retail image itself is still never shipped: the runtime needs its data at run time and only accepts the exact image the backend was built from (size and CRC), so the player supplies their own dump as before. CI configures with PSXRECOMP_BIOS_STALE_FATAL=ON, so a committed backend whose stamp predates the emitter fails the release instead of linking (the fingerprint excludes the ROM for this reason; the profile's SHA-256 pin stands for it). Regenerate with tools/regen_bios.sh --config bios/<stem>.toml and commit the output whenever the emitter, seeds or profile change.

Other known images: the backend is built on the player's machine. For a retail image a build does not link (today SCPH-5500, SCPH-5501 and SCPH-5552), the release ships overlay_toolchain/ and compiles game code from the player's own disc at runtime; the same mechanism builds a BIOS backend from the player's own dump (runtime/include/psx_bios_module.h, runtime/src/psx_bios_module.c, tools/bios_module_build.py). When the player selects a dump whose size and CRC match a shipped profile (psx_bios_known_images.h) but no linked backend, the runtime:

1. looks for <exe>/cache/bios/<os-arch>/bm<abi>_<codegen hash>_f<flavor>/<STEM>_<crc>.{so,dll} and loads it if present (ABI tag and codegen hash gated, like an overlay shard);
2. otherwise announces a one-time build, runs bios_module_build.py from the toolchain (the bundled psxrecomp-bios recompiles the dump — the profile's SHA-256 pin refuses any other image — and tcc or the system compiler turns the C plus the module glue into a self-contained shared library), then loads it;
3. registers the descriptor with psx_bios_register() and activates it. Every existing selection path then sees it as one more linked backend: bios.cfg remembers it, netplay settle sees it, and it is hot-swapped like OpenBIOS.

The module imports nothing from the executable. Everything it calls goes through OverlayCallbacks plus a BIOS-specific PsxBiosModuleCallbacks table, and the runtime globals the generated dispatcher reads are aliased by pointer (the #defines in psx_bios_module.h rewrite the emitter's own extern lines). The generated C is untouched apart from the emitter no longer writing its CPS-marker constructor in a module build. A build takes about a minute with gcc for the 32 MB SCPH-1001 output, seconds with tcc; it happens once per dump and per framework codegen hash.

What the launcher shows in a bundled build: the BIOS row is present (a linked retail backend makes a player choice meaningful). A SCPH-1001 dump verifies as linked and hot-swaps; a dump of another known image verifies as "prepare once" and the wizard's Prepare BIOS job builds its module with a progress meter, then resumes; an image no profile covers is refused with the accepted list. No build ever offers Generate & rebuild for a BIOS.

The rule

No BIOS chosen → OpenBIOS. A BIOS the player explicitly chose → that BIOS.

That is the whole user-facing contract. A player never has to find a BIOS file to start playing, and never loses the ability to use their own.

A developer can switch this off for a title that is known not to work on OpenBIOS; then a retail BIOS is required and the player is prompted for one.

What counts as "chosen"

A deliberate act by the player:

• --bios <path> on the command line, or
• a BIOS selected in the launcher / settings, which is then remembered.

Setup / Generate first-run discovery. When there is no bios.cfg yet (and no settings pick), install & build looks next to the executable / project for a validated retail dump (SCPH1001.BIN and common filename variants; size + CRC must match the compiled-in retail image). If found, that path is written to bios.cfg and used for Generate & Play. If not found, the build stays on OpenBIOS with no prompt.

Discovery does not run when bios.cfg already exists — including after the player cleared the pick to OpenBIOS. Play-time resolution still never invents a BIOS from random files on disk once a choice has been recorded.

A player who has chosen a BIOS can clear that choice and go back to OpenBIOS; the choice is not permanent.

"A retail BIOS" means one specific image

A build compiles in exactly one retail image (currently SCPH-1001) alongside OpenBIOS. The compiled-in code is generated from that exact image, so a different dump — SCPH-101, SCPH-5552, a bad rip — cannot be substituted: the recompiled code would execute against data it does not match, and crash.

Every build therefore checks the identity of a chosen BIOS before using it, and says which image it expects if the check fails. This is not DRM and not a preference; it is the difference between running and wild-jumping.

The acceptance gate compares file size and CRC32 against each linked backend's recorded identity (bios_backend_for_file in runtime/src/main.cpp). A SHA-256 is also recorded per image (image_sha256 in runtime/include/psx_bios_image.h) and is surfaced for provenance and bug reports, but it is not part of the accept/reject decision.

If a chosen BIOS does not match:

• with OpenBIOS available, the player is told why and can continue on OpenBIOS;
• with OpenBIOS disabled for the title, the choice is rejected and re-prompted.

Developer setting

One optional line in game.toml:

[runtime]
openbios = true    # default. false = this title requires a retail BIOS.

Set openbios = false only for a title with a verified OpenBIOS incompatibility. Per-title compatibility is not implied by the framework supporting OpenBIOS — verify a title before shipping it that way.

This setting is deliberately not overridable by a player's settings.toml, unlike most runtime options. It records a developer's compatibility finding, not a preference. A player re-enabling OpenBIOS on a title known to break under it produces confusing bug reports and no benefit.

There is no third mode. A title either allows OpenBIOS (and still honours an explicit retail choice) or requires retail. "OpenBIOS only, retail forbidden" would take away a working option from players for no reason.

Boot behaviour does not depend on which BIOS runs

Whichever BIOS is active, [runtime] bios_hle (on by default) skips the BIOS boot sequence and goes straight to the game. That is deliberate and enforced: the skip is not a synthesized handoff, it just returns immediately from the BIOS's call into its shell, so all it needs is the per-image address of that shell entry — which every linked BIOS records. A player who switches BIOS gets the same boot, and the flag means one thing everywhere.

The HLE tier's other half — servicing a few kernel calls (the B0 event family) in the runtime instead of the recompiled BIOS — is per-image, because it needs the kernel's own DeliverEvent return address to send a delivered callback back to. Retail SCPH-1001 exports it; OpenBIOS deliberately does not until its event semantics are validated, so OpenBIOS runs those calls on the recompiled kernel and prints one line at startup saying so. That refusal is scoped to kernel calls and never cancels the boot-skip.

Until 2026-07 it did: the boot-skip was derived from the already-refused kernel-call decision, so choosing OpenBIOS silently sat the player in the boot animation while the identical build on retail went straight to the game. The two axes are now resolved in one pure, unit-tested function (psx_bios_hle_plan(), runtime/include/bios_hle_plan.h), and the test asserts the boot decision is byte-identical across the two images.

Save data

Memory cards are unaffected. They are card images; they carry no BIOS state and move freely between BIOSes and between builds.

Savestates are BIOS-specific. The kernel occupies RAM, and OpenBIOS and retail lay that RAM out differently, so a savestate captured under one BIOS is not valid under the other. Savestates therefore record which BIOS was active and refuse to load under a different one. Without that check, switching BIOS would silently corrupt a restored state — the only quiet failure mode in this design, which is why it is enforced rather than warned about.

Slot files are also isolated on disk under the per-game memcard root:

• <memcard_dir>/openbios/state_*_slot*.pst
• <memcard_dir>/scph1001/state_*_slot*.pst

On first configure, any legacy loose <memcard_dir>/state_*_slot*.pst files are moved once by .pst header bios_checksum (bundled OpenBIOS wordsum → openbios/, otherwise → scph1001/). Memory cards stay in <memcard_dir>/; netplay guest sandbox remains <memcard_dir>/netplay/ (unscoped).

Netplay lobby settle

Online and LAN lobbies advertise a per-peer BIOS offer and freeze a single session BIOS at host Start (openbios or scph1001). The token scph1001 means "retail", not SCPH-1001: each offer also names the retail image the peer would boot by its CRC-32 (retail_crc), and a retail session carries the CRC every peer must boot (session_bios_crc). The rule lives in runtime/src/netplay_bios_settle.c.

• Online: bios_offer (with retail_crc) on set_ready → host publishes match_caps.session_bios and match_caps.session_bios_crc.
• LAN: peers append offer fields on MOTK3 JOIN (the CRC is line 6 of the tail); host broadcasts the flags on MOTK4 UPDATE and puts the settled token and CRC on MOTK1 START (lines 5 and 7).

Settle rule (same for both):

• Retail only when every seated peer offers a retail image and all the CRCs are equal, and either the host prefers retail or nobody selected OpenBIOS. A peer with no offer, no dump or no CRC (an older client) rules retail out.
• Otherwise OpenBIOS, when every peer that sent an offer links it.
• Otherwise retail, if it is possible.
• Otherwise the host refuses to start and the launcher says which images differ ("Players use different BIOS images (SCPH-5552 and SCPH-1001) …").

Every peer applies that session BIOS before boot, and for retail it boots only a dump whose CRC is the settled one. Mixed BIOSes are invalid for rollback (kernel RAM layout differs): before this rule an SCPH-5552 peer and an SCPH-1001 peer both offered scph1001, each booted its own image, and the boot digest never matched. If the session settles to retail but a peer has no matching dump, that peer aborts the launch rather than silently falling back (which would desync immediately). A session from an older host carries no CRC; peers then accept any retail dump, as before.

Session BIOS is ephemeral: it affects only that match’s runtime boot. It does not rewrite bios.cfg, settings.toml, or the launcher Settings BIOS row. Soft-return shows the player’s durable preference again; the next Start re-settles from offers as usual.

Why both are compiled in

The alternative — a build flavour per BIOS — was the original design, and it required a game to state its BIOS in three places that nothing cross-checked (bios_config in game.toml, plus two CMake variables). Setting one and forgetting another produced a build that linked one BIOS's code against another BIOS's generated game code, and it compiled cleanly.

Carrying both costs roughly 20 MB of binary and removes that entire class of mistake: one build configuration, one source of truth, the choice made at runtime where it can be validated.

It is affordable because the game's own recompiled code is identical regardless of which BIOS it was generated against — verified byte-for-byte on Tomba!, Tomba! 2 and Ape Escape. Only the BIOS code is duplicated, and the two images collide on just 22 symbols, which are namespaced per BIOS.

Attribution

OpenBIOS is MIT-licensed. Its notice is vendored at bios/OpenBIOS.LICENSE, with the upstream source pin and build recipe in bios/OpenBIOS.toml and attribution in THIRD_PARTY_ATTRIBUTION.md. Builds that ship it credit the PCSX-Redux authors in the launcher, whether or not the licence compels it.

Native runtime builds automatically stage both bios/openbios.bin and bios/OpenBIOS.LICENSE. Release packaging must copy that directory as a unit; shipping the image without its notice violates the distribution contract.

Retail BIOS images are not redistributable and are never shipped. A player using one supplies their own dump.