diff --git a/src/application/javascript/JavaScriptArtifactGraphStructure.ts b/src/application/javascript/JavaScriptArtifactGraphStructure.ts
index cbf9e3c813..ce171beb9c 100644
--- a/src/application/javascript/JavaScriptArtifactGraphStructure.ts
+++ b/src/application/javascript/JavaScriptArtifactGraphStructure.ts
@@ -115,9 +115,18 @@ export const addJavaScriptArtifactContainers = (
 export const addJavaScriptArtifactFiles = (
   context: JavaScriptArtifactGraphContext,
 ): void => {
+  const packagesByPath = indexFirstByPath(context.analysis.packages);
+  const jsonModulesByPath = indexFirstByPath(context.analysis.json_modules);
+  const sourceMapsByPath = indexFirstByPath(context.analysis.source_maps);
   for (const analyzed of context.analysis.files) {
     const { file } = analyzed;
-    const target = createFileTarget(context, file, analyzed.javascript);
+    const jsonValue = jsonModulesByPath.get(file.path);
+    const target = createFileTarget(
+      context,
+      file,
+      analyzed.javascript,
+      jsonValue,
+    );
     context.fileNodes.set(file.path, target);
     if (file.kind === "javascript") context.assetNodes.set(file.path, target);
     const entry = createAsarEntry(context, file);
@@ -163,9 +172,7 @@ export const addJavaScriptArtifactFiles = (
           ? "JavaScript syntax could not be parsed."
           : `JavaScript text was unavailable: ${file.text.reason}.`,
       });
-    const packageValue = context.analysis.packages.find(
-      ({ path }) => path === file.path,
-    );
+    const packageValue = packagesByPath.get(file.path);
     if (packageValue !== undefined && packageValue.status !== "included")
       addUnavailableStaticParseScope(context, {
         file,
@@ -173,9 +180,6 @@ export const addJavaScriptArtifactFiles = (
         operation: "parse-package-json",
         limitation: packageValue.limitation,
       });
-    const jsonValue = context.analysis.json_modules.find(
-      ({ path }) => path === file.path,
-    );
     if (jsonValue !== undefined && jsonValue.status !== "included")
       addUnavailableStaticParseScope(context, {
         file,
@@ -183,9 +187,7 @@ export const addJavaScriptArtifactFiles = (
         operation: "parse-json-module",
         limitation: jsonValue.limitation,
       });
-    const sourceMap = context.analysis.source_maps.find(
-      ({ path }) => path === file.path,
-    );
+    const sourceMap = sourceMapsByPath.get(file.path);
     if (sourceMap !== undefined && sourceMap.status === "invalid")
       addUnavailableStaticParseScope(context, {
         file,
@@ -270,11 +272,9 @@ const createFileTarget = (
   context: JavaScriptArtifactGraphContext,
   file: JavaScriptArtifactFile,
   javascript: JavaScriptModuleArtifactAnalysis["files"][number]["javascript"],
+  json: JavaScriptModuleArtifactAnalysis["json_modules"][number] | undefined,
 ): ApplicationNode => {
   const kind = artifactFileNodeKind(file.kind);
-  const json = context.analysis.json_modules.find(
-    ({ path }) => path === file.path,
-  );
   return context.accumulator.addNode({
     kind,
     identity: {
@@ -309,6 +309,16 @@ const createFileTarget = (
   });
 };
 
+const indexFirstByPath = <Value extends { readonly path: string }>(
+  values: readonly Value[],
+): ReadonlyMap<string, Value> => {
+  const index = new Map<string, Value>();
+  for (const value of values) {
+    if (!index.has(value.path)) index.set(value.path, value);
+  }
+  return index;
+};
+
 const createAsarEntry = (
   context: JavaScriptArtifactGraphContext,
   file: JavaScriptArtifactFile,
diff --git a/tests/boundary/filesystem/javascriptArtifactGraphObservationLookup.test.ts b/tests/boundary/filesystem/javascriptArtifactGraphObservationLookup.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..afccab83de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/boundary/filesystem/javascriptArtifactGraphObservationLookup.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+import { writeFile } from "node:fs/promises";
+import { join } from "node:path";
+
+import { expect, it } from "vitest";
+
+import { scanCanonicalArtifactInventory } from "../../fixtures/artifactInventory.js";
+import { createTestTempDirectory } from "../../fixtures/temporaryDirectory.js";
+import { readJavaScriptArtifactFiles } from "../../support/javascriptApplicationScope.js";
+import { analyzeJavaScriptArtifactFiles } from "../../../src/application/javascript/JavaScriptArtifactAnalysis.js";
+import { buildJavaScriptArtifactGraph } from "../../../src/application/javascript/JavaScriptArtifactGraphBuilder.js";
+import { createJavaScriptArtifactReader } from "../../../src/artifacts/javascript/JavaScriptArtifactReader.js";
+import type {
+  JavaScriptJsonModuleObservation,
+  JavaScriptPackageObservation,
+  JavaScriptSourceMapObservation,
+} from "../../../src/application/javascript/JavaScriptArtifactAnalysisTypes.js";
+
+it("uses the first structured observation when paths repeat", async () => {
+  const root = await createTestTempDirectory("rea-artifact-graph-index-");
+  await Promise.all([
+    writeFile(join(root, "package.json"), JSON.stringify({ name: "fixture" })),
+    writeFile(join(root, "data.json"), JSON.stringify({ actual: true })),
+    writeFile(join(root, "app.js"), "//# sourceMappingURL=app.js.map"),
+    writeFile(
+      join(root, "app.js.map"),
+      JSON.stringify({
+        version: 3,
+        sources: ["app.ts"],
+        names: [],
+        mappings: "",
+      }),
+    ),
+  ]);
+  const snapshot = await scanCanonicalArtifactInventory(root, {});
+  const reader = createJavaScriptArtifactReader(root, "directory");
+  try {
+    const files = await readJavaScriptArtifactFiles(reader, snapshot);
+    const analysis = analyzeJavaScriptArtifactFiles(files);
+    const packageObservation = analysis.packages.find(
+      ({ path }) => path === "package.json",
+    );
+    const jsonObservation = analysis.json_modules.find(
+      ({ path }) => path === "data.json",
+    );
+    const sourceMapObservation = analysis.source_maps.find(
+      ({ path }) => path === "app.js.map",
+    );
+    expect(packageObservation).toBeDefined();
+    expect(jsonObservation).toBeDefined();
+    expect(sourceMapObservation).toBeDefined();
+    if (
+      packageObservation === undefined ||
+      jsonObservation === undefined ||
+      sourceMapObservation === undefined
+    )
+      throw new TypeError("Expected structured artifact observations");
+
+    const graph = buildJavaScriptArtifactGraph(snapshot, files, {
+      ...analysis,
+      packages: [
+        packageObservation,
+        {
+          ...packageObservation,
+          status: "invalid",
+          name: null,
+          version: null,
+          main: null,
+          renderer: null,
+          limitation: "later duplicate",
+        } satisfies JavaScriptPackageObservation,
+      ],
+      json_modules: [
+        jsonObservation,
+        {
+          ...jsonObservation,
+          status: "invalid",
+          top_level_keys: [],
+          omitted_top_level_keys: 0,
+          limitation: "later duplicate",
+        } satisfies JavaScriptJsonModuleObservation,
+      ],
+      source_maps: [
+        sourceMapObservation,
+        {
+          ...sourceMapObservation,
+          status: "invalid",
+          sources: [],
+          limitation: "later duplicate",
+        } satisfies JavaScriptSourceMapObservation,
+      ],
+    });
+
+    const dataFile = graph.nodes.find(({ observations }) =>
+      observations.some(({ properties }) => properties.path === "data.json"),
+    );
+    expect(dataFile?.observations[0]?.properties).toMatchObject({
+      json_parse_status: "included",
+      json_top_level_keys: ["actual"],
+      omitted_json_top_level_keys: 0,
+    });
+    const unavailablePaths = graph.nodes
+      .filter(({ kind }) => kind === "unknown")
+      .flatMap(({ observations }) =>
+        observations.map(({ properties }) => ({
+          path: properties.path,
+          operation: properties.operation,
+        })),
+      );
+    expect(unavailablePaths).not.toContainEqual({
+      path: "package.json",
+      operation: "parse-package-json",
+    });
+    expect(unavailablePaths).not.toContainEqual({
+      path: "data.json",
+      operation: "parse-json-module",
+    });
+    expect(unavailablePaths).not.toContainEqual({
+      path: "app.js.map",
+      operation: "parse-local-source-map",
+    });
+  } finally {
+    await reader.close();
+  }
+});