diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptCommonJsExportReceivers.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptCommonJsExportReceivers.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9962a42d8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptCommonJsExportReceivers.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+import * as t from "@babel/types";
+
+import {
+  semanticStaticPropertyKey,
+  semanticWriteTargets,
+  unwrapJavaScriptExpression,
+} from "./javascriptAstValues.js";
+import {
+  isUnshadowedGlobal,
+  type JavaScriptSemanticAnalysisState,
+} from "./javascriptSemanticState.js";
+import { traverseJavaScriptAstSteps } from "./javascriptSemanticTraversal.js";
+import { semanticPropertyPathKeyMatches } from "./javascriptSemanticPropertyPaths.js";
+
+export type CommonJsExportReceiverEffect =
+  | "connected"
+  | "detached"
+  | "uncertain";
+
+const isCommonJsModuleExports = (
+  node: t.Node,
+  state: JavaScriptSemanticAnalysisState,
+): boolean =>
+  (t.isMemberExpression(node) || t.isOptionalMemberExpression(node)) &&
+  isUnshadowedGlobal(node.object, state, "module") &&
+  semanticStaticPropertyKey(node.property, node.computed) === "exports";
+
+/** One syntax owner for CJS export names and their receiver identities. */
+export const commonJsExportName = (
+  node: t.Node,
+  state: JavaScriptSemanticAnalysisState,
+): string | undefined => {
+  if (!t.isMemberExpression(node) && !t.isOptionalMemberExpression(node))
+    return undefined;
+  const key = semanticStaticPropertyKey(node.property, node.computed);
+  if (
+    isUnshadowedGlobal(node.object, state, "exports") ||
+    isCommonJsModuleExports(node.object, state)
+  )
+    return key === null ? "*" : key;
+  return isCommonJsModuleExports(node, state) ? "default" : undefined;
+};
+
+type Identity = t.Node | null;
+type Execution = "ordered" | "conditional" | "deferred";
+
+/** Pattern evaluation follows the RHS, unlike Babel's child visit order. */
+const hasDestructuringEvaluationOrder = (node: t.Node): boolean => {
+  const pattern = t.isAssignmentExpression(node)
+    ? unwrapJavaScriptExpression(node.left).node
+    : t.isVariableDeclarator(node)
+      ? node.id
+      : undefined;
+  return t.isObjectPattern(pattern) || t.isArrayPattern(pattern);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Capture receivers before their RHS, then compare with the final public
+ * identity. Fresh allocations prove distinctness; explicit wrapper reads
+ * preserve even opaque identities. Branches and deferred execution remain
+ * uncertain, as do local aliases. Facts live for one analysis and the
+ * cooperative traversal bounds work to the source tree size.
+ */
+export function* indexCommonJsExportReceiversSteps(
+  state: JavaScriptSemanticAnalysisState,
+): Generator<
+  void,
+  ReadonlyMap<t.AssignmentExpression, CommonJsExportReceiverEffect>
+> {
+  const initial = state.program;
+  let publicIdentity: Identity = initial;
+  let exportsIdentity: Identity = initial;
+  let moduleIntact = true;
+  let deferredReplacement = false;
+  const fresh = new WeakSet<t.Node>([initial]);
+  const values = new WeakMap<t.Node, Identity>();
+  const captures = new Map<t.AssignmentExpression, Identity>();
+  const execution: Execution[] = [];
+  const publicCallWrites = new WeakSet<t.Node>();
+  // Consume the shared write owner's resolved aliases, intrinsic invocation
+  // and keyed mutator facts instead of reinterpreting call names here.
+  for (const { node, path } of state.ambientWriteEffects) {
+    if (
+      (t.isCallExpression(node) || t.isOptionalCallExpression(node)) &&
+      path[0] === "commonjs-module" &&
+      path.length <= 2 &&
+      (path.length === 1 ||
+        semanticPropertyPathKeyMatches(path[1] ?? null, "exports"))
+    )
+      publicCallWrites.add(node);
+  }
+  const valueOf = (node: t.Node): Identity => {
+    const value = unwrapJavaScriptExpression(node).node;
+    // An opaque result may alias another object, but reading the current
+    // module.exports and explicitly reconnecting exports preserves that result.
+    return values.has(value) ? (values.get(value) ?? null) : value;
+  };
+
+  const write = (target: t.Node, identity: Identity, mode: Execution): void => {
+    target = unwrapJavaScriptExpression(target).node;
+    const possiblePublicWrite =
+      (t.isMemberExpression(target) || t.isOptionalMemberExpression(target)) &&
+      isUnshadowedGlobal(target.object, state, "module") &&
+      semanticStaticPropertyKey(target.property, target.computed) === null;
+    const publicWrite =
+      isCommonJsModuleExports(target, state) || possiblePublicWrite;
+    const exportsWrite = isUnshadowedGlobal(target, state, "exports");
+    const moduleWrite = isUnshadowedGlobal(target, state, "module");
+    if (!publicWrite && !exportsWrite && !moduleWrite) return;
+    if (mode === "deferred") {
+      // A source offset cannot order an invocation against module completion.
+      deferredReplacement = true;
+      return;
+    }
+    const selected =
+      mode === "ordered" && !possiblePublicWrite ? identity : null;
+    if (moduleWrite) moduleIntact = false;
+    if (publicWrite || moduleWrite)
+      publicIdentity = moduleIntact ? selected : null;
+    if (exportsWrite) exportsIdentity = selected;
+  };
+
+  yield* traverseJavaScriptAstSteps(state.program, {
+    enter: (node, parent) => {
+      const outer = execution.at(-1) ?? "ordered";
+      const mode: Execution =
+        outer === "deferred" || t.isFunction(node) || t.isClass(node)
+          ? "deferred"
+          : outer === "conditional" ||
+              // Mark the whole operation: a later tree-visited RHS must not
+              // restore certainty after an earlier tree-visited pattern write.
+              hasDestructuringEvaluationOrder(node) ||
+              t.isIfStatement(node) ||
+              t.isSwitchStatement(node) ||
+              t.isLoop(node) ||
+              t.isTryStatement(node) ||
+              t.isObjectPattern(node) ||
+              t.isArrayPattern(node) ||
+              (t.isLogicalExpression(parent) && parent.right === node) ||
+              (t.isAssignmentPattern(parent) && parent.right === node) ||
+              (t.isAssignmentExpression(parent) &&
+                ["&&=", "||=", "??="].includes(parent.operator) &&
+                parent.right === node) ||
+              t.isOptionalCallExpression(parent) ||
+              (t.isOptionalMemberExpression(parent) &&
+                parent.property === node) ||
+              (t.isConditionalExpression(parent) && parent.test !== node)
+            ? "conditional"
+            : "ordered";
+      execution.push(mode);
+      if (
+        t.isAssignmentExpression(node) &&
+        commonJsExportName(node.left, state) !== undefined &&
+        !isCommonJsModuleExports(node.left, state)
+      ) {
+        const receiver =
+          t.isMemberExpression(node.left) ||
+          t.isOptionalMemberExpression(node.left)
+            ? node.left.object
+            : null;
+        captures.set(
+          node,
+          mode !== "ordered"
+            ? null
+            : receiver !== null &&
+                isUnshadowedGlobal(receiver, state, "exports")
+              ? exportsIdentity
+              : publicIdentity,
+        );
+      }
+    },
+    exit: (node) => {
+      const mode = execution.pop() ?? "conditional";
+      if (publicCallWrites.has(node)) {
+        if (mode === "deferred") deferredReplacement = true;
+        else publicIdentity = null;
+      }
+      if (t.isAssignmentExpression(node)) {
+        const left = unwrapJavaScriptExpression(node.left).node;
+        const identity =
+          node.operator === "=" &&
+          (t.isIdentifier(left) ||
+            t.isMemberExpression(left) ||
+            t.isOptionalMemberExpression(left))
+            ? valueOf(node.right)
+            : null;
+        for (const target of semanticWriteTargets(node.left))
+          write(target, identity, mode);
+        values.set(node, identity);
+      } else if (t.isVariableDeclarator(node) && node.init != null) {
+        for (const target of semanticWriteTargets(node.id))
+          write(
+            target,
+            t.isIdentifier(node.id) ? valueOf(node.init) : null,
+            mode,
+          );
+      } else if (t.isForOfStatement(node) || t.isForInStatement(node)) {
+        if (!t.isVariableDeclaration(node.left))
+          for (const target of semanticWriteTargets(node.left))
+            write(target, null, mode);
+      } else if (
+        t.isUpdateExpression(node) ||
+        t.isUnaryExpression(node, { operator: "delete" })
+      ) {
+        write(node.argument, null, mode);
+      } else if (isUnshadowedGlobal(node, state, "exports")) {
+        values.set(node, exportsIdentity);
+      } else if (isCommonJsModuleExports(node, state)) {
+        values.set(node, publicIdentity);
+      } else if (
+        t.isObjectExpression(node) ||
+        t.isArrayExpression(node) ||
+        t.isFunctionExpression(node) ||
+        t.isArrowFunctionExpression(node) ||
+        t.isClassExpression(node)
+      ) {
+        values.set(node, node);
+        fresh.add(node);
+      } else if (t.isSequenceExpression(node)) {
+        const last = node.expressions.at(-1);
+        values.set(node, last === undefined ? null : valueOf(last));
+      }
+    },
+  });
+  const effects = new Map<
+    t.AssignmentExpression,
+    CommonJsExportReceiverEffect
+  >();
+  for (const [node, receiver] of captures) {
+    effects.set(
+      node,
+      deferredReplacement || receiver === null || publicIdentity === null
+        ? "uncertain"
+        : receiver === publicIdentity
+          ? "connected"
+          : fresh.has(receiver) && fresh.has(publicIdentity)
+            ? "detached"
+            : "uncertain",
+    );
+  }
+  return effects;
+}
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptElectronMemberWrites.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptElectronMemberWrites.ts
index 9ca7c2d893..62a921b87d 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptElectronMemberWrites.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptElectronMemberWrites.ts
@@ -128,7 +128,9 @@ export function* collectJavaScriptIdentityWritesSteps(
               if (identities.length > 0) {
                 const key = keyedMutators.has(method ?? "")
                   ? [staticString(arguments_?.[1]) ?? null]
-                  : [];
+                  : // Mutating a target's contents does not replace the target.
+                    // Retain an unknown child key, rather than its own identity.
+                    [null];
                 for (const identity of identities)
                   retain(node, [...identity, ...key]);
               } else if (!freshObject(target)) {
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAmbientWrites.test.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAmbientWrites.test.ts
index 2eaec7a4b7..a9832ac959 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAmbientWrites.test.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAmbientWrites.test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,28 @@
 import { expect, it } from "vitest";
 
 import { analyzeJavaScriptStaticSource } from "./javascriptStaticAnalysis.js";
+import { indexJavaScriptBindingsSteps } from "./javascriptSemanticAnalysis.js";
+import { completeSemanticSteps } from "./javascriptSemanticTraversal.js";
+import { parseJavaScriptSource } from "./javascriptSourceParser.js";
+
+it("keeps wrapper module aliases distinct from global-object module properties", () => {
+  const parsed = parseJavaScriptSource(
+    `
+    const wrapper = module;
+    Object.defineProperty(wrapper, "exports", { value: exports });
+    Object.defineProperty(globalThis.module, "exports", { value: exports });
+  `,
+    "app.cjs",
+  );
+  if (parsed === null) throw new Error("Expected parsed source");
+  const state = completeSemanticSteps(
+    indexJavaScriptBindingsSteps(parsed.program),
+  );
+  expect(state.ambientWriteEffects.map(({ path }) => path)).toEqual([
+    ["commonjs-module", "exports"],
+    ["global", "module", "exports"],
+  ]);
+});
 
 it.each([
   {
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAmbientWrites.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAmbientWrites.ts
index e582f07a85..3b52f2ccca 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAmbientWrites.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAmbientWrites.ts
@@ -123,6 +123,12 @@ const createAmbientPathResolver = (
         continue;
       }
       if (t.isIdentifier(root)) {
+        // The wrapper module object is distinct from globalThis.module. Keep
+        // its identity through the same alias/projection owner used for writes.
+        if (isUnshadowedGlobal(root, state, "module")) {
+          retain(["commonjs-module", ...(suffix ?? [])]);
+          continue;
+        }
         if (globalObjectName(root, state) !== undefined) {
           retain(["global", ...(suffix ?? [])]);
           continue;
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.require_links.test.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.require_links.test.ts
index f05d7a7587..eafb40255b 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.require_links.test.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.require_links.test.ts
@@ -274,6 +274,7 @@ describe("CommonJS dependency links", () => {
       const bound = (require("bound") as unknown);
       const { left, right } = require("destructured");
       module.exports = require("forwarded");
+      exports = module.exports;
       exports.member = require("member").value;
       exports.first = exports.second = require("chained");
     `);
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.structure.test.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.structure.test.ts
index 16b8c50910..b15c1a6814 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.structure.test.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.structure.test.ts
@@ -393,7 +393,105 @@ describe("JavaScript semantic analysis: structure 2", () => {
       ]);
     },
   );
+});
 
+describe("CommonJS receiver lifetimes", () => {
+  it.each([
+    'Object.defineProperty(module.exports, "other", { value: exports });',
+    "Object.assign(module.exports, { other: exports });",
+  ])(
+    "keeps the receiver identity intact when mutating its contents: %s",
+    (mutation) => {
+      const ir = analyzeJavaScriptSemantics(
+        `exports.parse = () => 1; ${mutation}`,
+      );
+      const exported = ir.moduleLinks.find(
+        ({ exportedName }) => exportedName === "parse",
+      );
+      expect(exported?.callableId).toEqual(expect.any(String));
+    },
+  );
+
+  it.each([
+    "module.exports = {}; exports.parse = () => 1;",
+    "exports = {}; exports.parse = () => 1;",
+    "exports.parse = () => 1; module.exports = {};",
+    "module.exports.parse = () => 1; module.exports = [];",
+    'module.exports = {}; exports.status = "enabled";',
+    "module.exports = exports = {}; module.exports = {}; exports.parse = () => 1;",
+    'module.exports = {}; Reflect.set(module, "other", exports); exports.parse = () => 1;',
+    'module.exports = {}; Object.defineProperty(globalThis.module, "exports", { value: exports }); exports.parse = () => 1;',
+    "module.exports = {}; let wrapper = module; wrapper = {}; Object.assign(wrapper, { exports }); exports.parse = () => 1;",
+  ])(
+    "excludes a detached CommonJS receiver across statements: %s",
+    (source) => {
+      const ir = analyzeJavaScriptSemantics(source);
+      expect(
+        ir.moduleLinks.filter(
+          ({ exportedName }) =>
+            exportedName === "parse" || exportedName === "status",
+        ),
+      ).toEqual([]);
+    },
+  );
+
+  it.each([
+    "exports.parse = () => 1;",
+    "module.exports = {}; module.exports.parse = () => 1;",
+    "module.exports = {}; exports = module.exports; exports.parse = () => 1;",
+    "module.exports = exports = {}; exports.parse = () => 1;",
+    "exports = module.exports = {}; exports.parse = () => 1;",
+    "module.exports = module.exports; exports.parse = () => 1;",
+    "module.exports = external; exports = module.exports; exports.parse = () => 1;",
+    "module.exports = external; module.exports.parse = () => 1;",
+    "exports.parse = (exports = {} , () => 1);",
+    "exports.parse = (module.exports = {}); module.exports = exports;",
+    "(module.exports = {}, exports = module.exports, exports.parse = () => 1);",
+  ])("retains a connected CommonJS receiver: %s", (source) => {
+    expect(analyzeJavaScriptSemantics(source).moduleLinks).toContainEqual(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        kind: "commonjs-export",
+        exportedName: "parse",
+      }),
+    );
+  });
+
+  it.each([
+    "module.exports = external; exports.parse = () => 1;",
+    "if (flag) module.exports = {}; exports.parse = () => 1;",
+    "flag && (module.exports = {}); exports.parse = () => 1;",
+    "holder ||= (module.exports = {}); exports.parse = () => 1;",
+    "invoke?.(module.exports = {}); exports.parse = () => 1;",
+    "const { value = (module.exports = {}) } = source; exports.parse = () => 1;",
+    "module[key] = {}; exports.parse = () => 1;",
+    "exports.parse = () => 1; if (flag) module.exports = {};",
+    "function replace() { module.exports = {}; } exports.parse = () => 1; replace();",
+    "function replace() { exports = {}; } replace(); exports.parse = () => 1;",
+    "module.exports = {}; function install() { exports.parse = () => 1; } install();",
+    "for (exports of values) {} exports.parse = () => 1;",
+    "({ exports } = external); exports.parse = () => 1;",
+    "module = {}; module.exports = {}; module.exports.parse = () => 1;",
+    'const holder = {}; ({ [(module.exports = exports, "x")]: holder.x } = (module.exports = {})); exports.parse = () => 1;',
+    'const { [(module.exports = exports, "x")]: value } = (module.exports = {}); exports.parse = () => 1;',
+    "const [value = (module.exports = exports)] = (module.exports = []); exports.parse = () => 1;",
+    "module.exports = {}; Object.assign(module, { exports }); exports.parse = () => 1;",
+    'module.exports = {}; Object.defineProperty(module, "exports", { value: exports }); exports.parse = () => 1;',
+    'module.exports = {}; Reflect.set(module, "exports", exports); exports.parse = () => 1;',
+    "module.exports = {}; const assign = Object.assign; assign.call(null, module, { exports }); exports.parse = () => 1;",
+    "module.exports = {}; const wrapper = module; Object.assign(wrapper, { exports }); exports.parse = () => 1;",
+  ])("keeps uncertain CommonJS receiver identity unresolved: %s", (source) => {
+    expect(analyzeJavaScriptSemantics(source).moduleLinks).toContainEqual(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        kind: "commonjs-export",
+        exportedName: "parse",
+        callableId: null,
+        localName: null,
+      }),
+    );
+  });
+});
+
+describe("JavaScript semantic analysis: write references", () => {
   it("classifies destructuring and loop targets as writes, not reads", () => {
     const ir = analyzeJavaScriptSemantics(`
       let a, b, c;
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.ts
index 147d05f608..79074b474d 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.ts
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ import {
 import { isJavaScriptRpcClientFactory } from "./javascriptRpcEndpoints.js";
 import { createSemanticModuleInterop } from "./javascriptModuleInterop.js";
 import { SemanticPropertyPathCoverage } from "./javascriptSemanticPropertyPaths.js";
+import { indexCommonJsExportReceiversSteps } from "./javascriptCommonJsExportReceivers.js";
 import type { JavaScriptModuleResolutionMode } from "./javascriptModuleResolutionMode.js";
 
 interface BindPatternInput {
@@ -163,8 +164,9 @@ export function* analyzeParsedJavaScriptSemanticsSteps(
   yield* collectDefinitionsSteps(file.program, state);
   yield* indexJavaScriptAmbientWritesSteps(file.program, state);
   yield* collectSemanticMemberMutationsSteps(file.program, state);
+  const commonJsReceivers = yield* indexCommonJsExportReceiversSteps(state);
   yield* traverseJavaScriptAstSteps(file.program, {
-    enter: (node) => collectSemanticModuleLink(node, state),
+    enter: (node) => collectSemanticModuleLink(node, state, commonJsReceivers),
   });
   yield;
   const references = yield* collectSemanticReferencesSteps(file.program, state);
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticProjection.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticProjection.ts
index 2493a05c65..9389427d8f 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticProjection.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticProjection.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import type {
 import {
   resolveSemanticBindingState,
   semanticResolutionBlocked,
-  isUnshadowedGlobal,
   type JavaScriptSemanticAnalysisState,
   type JavaScriptSemanticScopeState,
 } from "./javascriptSemanticState.js";
@@ -38,6 +37,10 @@ import {
   isTypeOnlyImportDeclaration,
   isTypeOnlyImportSpecifier,
 } from "./javascriptModuleDeclaration.js";
+import {
+  commonJsExportName,
+  type CommonJsExportReceiverEffect,
+} from "./javascriptCommonJsExportReceivers.js";
 
 interface CollectCallableInput {
   readonly node: t.Node;
@@ -78,6 +81,10 @@ export const collectSemanticCallable = (input: CollectCallableInput): void => {
 export const collectSemanticModuleLink = (
   node: t.Node,
   state: JavaScriptSemanticAnalysisState,
+  commonJsReceivers: ReadonlyMap<
+    t.AssignmentExpression,
+    CommonJsExportReceiverEffect
+  >,
 ): void => {
   if (t.isTSImportEqualsDeclaration(node)) collectImportEquals(node, state);
   else if (t.isImportDeclaration(node)) collectImports(node, state);
@@ -110,7 +117,8 @@ export const collectSemanticModuleLink = (
       node,
     );
   else if (t.isVariableDeclarator(node)) collectRequireLink(node, state);
-  else if (t.isAssignmentExpression(node)) collectCommonJsExport(node, state);
+  else if (t.isAssignmentExpression(node))
+    collectCommonJsExport(node, state, commonJsReceivers.get(node));
   else if (t.isCallExpression(node)) collectUnboundRequireLink(node, state);
 };
 
@@ -469,12 +477,10 @@ const requirePatternBindings = (
 const collectCommonJsExport = (
   node: t.AssignmentExpression,
   state: JavaScriptSemanticAnalysisState,
+  receiverEffect: CommonJsExportReceiverEffect | undefined,
 ): void => {
   const exportedName = commonJsExportName(node.left, state);
   if (exportedName === undefined) return;
-  const receiverEffect = isCommonJsModuleExports(node.left, state)
-    ? null
-    : commonJsExportReceiverEffect(node.right, state);
   if (receiverEffect === "detached") return;
   // Simple assignment chains yield their rightmost assigned value. Compound
   // and logical writes also depend on the previous value, so remain unknown.
@@ -501,40 +507,6 @@ const collectCommonJsExport = (
   if (required !== undefined) state.linkedRequireCalls.add(required.call);
 };
 
-/**
- * An outer property assignment captures its receiver before evaluating the
- * RHS. When that chain assigns a freshly created identity to `module.exports`,
- * the outer write targets the old exports object and cannot define an export
- * on the value ultimately returned by the CommonJS module. Reassignments from
- * existing bindings may preserve identity, so this guard leaves them as
- * export candidates.
- */
-const commonJsExportReceiverEffect = (
-  node: t.Node,
-  state: JavaScriptSemanticAnalysisState,
-): "detached" | "uncertain" | null => {
-  let value = node;
-  while (t.isAssignmentExpression(value, { operator: "=" })) {
-    if (isCommonJsModuleExports(value.left, state))
-      return isFreshAssignmentResult(value.right) ? "detached" : "uncertain";
-    value = value.right;
-  }
-  return null;
-};
-
-const isFreshAssignmentResult = (node: t.Node): boolean => {
-  let value = node;
-  while (t.isAssignmentExpression(value, { operator: "=" }))
-    value = value.right;
-  return (
-    t.isArrowFunctionExpression(value) ||
-    t.isFunctionExpression(value) ||
-    t.isClassExpression(value) ||
-    t.isObjectExpression(value) ||
-    t.isArrayExpression(value)
-  );
-};
-
 const addModuleLink = (
   state: JavaScriptSemanticAnalysisState,
   link: Omit<JavaScriptSemanticModuleLink, "callableId"> & {
@@ -831,32 +803,3 @@ const defaultExportLocalName = (
     ? value.id.name
     : null;
 };
-
-const commonJsExportName = (
-  node: t.Node,
-  state: JavaScriptSemanticAnalysisState,
-): string | undefined => {
-  // Rebinding the CommonJS `exports` alias does not replace `module.exports`.
-  if (!t.isMemberExpression(node) && !t.isOptionalMemberExpression(node))
-    return undefined;
-  const key = semanticStaticPropertyKey(node.property, node.computed);
-  // A computed nonliteral key is unknown, but the empty string is a real exact
-  // CommonJS export name and must not collapse into the wildcard/default.
-  if (isUnshadowedGlobal(node.object, state, "exports"))
-    return key === null ? "*" : key;
-  if (
-    t.isMemberExpression(node.object) &&
-    isCommonJsModuleExports(node.object, state)
-  )
-    return key === null ? "*" : key;
-  if (isCommonJsModuleExports(node, state)) return "default";
-  return undefined;
-};
-
-const isCommonJsModuleExports = (
-  node: t.Node,
-  state: JavaScriptSemanticAnalysisState,
-): boolean =>
-  (t.isMemberExpression(node) || t.isOptionalMemberExpression(node)) &&
-  isUnshadowedGlobal(node.object, state, "module") &&
-  semanticStaticPropertyKey(node.property, node.computed) === "exports";
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticState.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticState.ts
index 4f2b091a11..96fa37d679 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticState.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticState.ts
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ export interface JavaScriptSemanticAnalysisState {
   readonly conditionallySkippedExpressions: WeakSet<t.Node>;
   /** Unbound identifier writes retain their source sites for capture ordering. */
   readonly ambientBindingWrites: Map<string, t.Node[]>;
-  /** Source-local writes, tagged by global object or import.meta identity. */
+  /** Source-local writes, tagged by global, import.meta or CJS module identity. */
   readonly ambientWrites: SemanticPropertyPathCoverage;
   /** Source sites distinguish replacement before an ambient identity capture from later writes. */
   readonly ambientWriteEffects: JavaScriptSemanticMemberEffect[];
diff --git a/tests/acceptance/applications/exportedFunctionBindingsCli.test.ts b/tests/acceptance/applications/exportedFunctionBindingsCli.test.ts
index 0271a016f8..c9ee1aeb10 100644
--- a/tests/acceptance/applications/exportedFunctionBindingsCli.test.ts
+++ b/tests/acceptance/applications/exportedFunctionBindingsCli.test.ts
@@ -195,6 +195,121 @@ describe("exported function binding resolution through stdio MCP and CLI", () =>
   );
 });
 
+describe("CommonJS receiver lifetimes through stdio MCP and CLI", () => {
+  it.each([
+    "module.exports = {}; exports.parse = VALUE;",
+    "exports = {}; exports.parse = VALUE;",
+    "exports.parse = VALUE; module.exports = {};",
+    "module.exports.parse = VALUE; module.exports = {};",
+    "module.exports = {}; exports = module.exports; module.exports = {}; exports.parse = VALUE;",
+    'module.exports = {}; exports.parse = "enabled";',
+    'module.exports = {}; Reflect.set(module, "other", exports); exports.parse = VALUE;',
+    "module.exports = {}; let wrapper = module; wrapper = {}; Object.assign(wrapper, { exports }); exports.parse = VALUE;",
+  ])("excludes detached public export receivers: %s", async (source) => {
+    const fixture = await analyzeVersions(
+      (count) =>
+        source.replace(
+          "VALUE",
+          `() => ({ kind: "result", count: ${String(count)} })`,
+        ),
+      "parse",
+      "app.cjs",
+    );
+    for (const path of [fixture.leftPath, fixture.rightPath]) {
+      const value = requireFixture(path);
+      expect(Object.hasOwn(value, "parse")).toBe(false);
+      expect(value.parse).toBeUndefined();
+    }
+    for (const evidence of [fixture.input.left, fixture.input.right]) {
+      const { graph } = applicationEnvelope.parse(evidence).normalized_result;
+      expect(
+        graph.nodes
+          .flatMap(({ observations }) => observations)
+          .filter(
+            ({ properties }) =>
+              properties.exported_name === "parse" &&
+              ["export-binding", "export-return-shapes"].includes(
+                String(properties.semantic_role),
+              ),
+          ),
+      ).toEqual([]);
+    }
+    await expectCliAnalysisParity(fixture);
+    const comparison = await compareThroughMcp(fixture.input);
+    expect(comparison).toMatchObject({
+      left: { status: "missing" },
+      right: { status: "missing" },
+      summary: { added: 0, removed: 0, changed: 0 },
+    });
+    expect(await compareThroughCli(fixture)).toEqual(comparison);
+  });
+
+  it.each([
+    "exports.parse = VALUE;",
+    "module.exports = {}; module.exports.parse = VALUE;",
+    "module.exports = {}; exports = module.exports; exports.parse = VALUE;",
+    "exports.parse = VALUE; Object.assign(module.exports, { other: exports });",
+  ])("retains connected public export receivers: %s", async (source) => {
+    const fixture = await analyzeVersions(
+      (count) =>
+        source.replace(
+          "VALUE",
+          `() => ({ kind: "result", count: ${String(count)} })`,
+        ),
+      "parse",
+      "app.cjs",
+    );
+    for (const [path, count] of [
+      [fixture.leftPath, 1],
+      [fixture.rightPath, 2],
+    ] as const)
+      expect(requireFixture(path).parse()).toEqual({ kind: "result", count });
+    await expectCliAnalysisParity(fixture);
+    const comparison = await compareThroughMcp(fixture.input);
+    expectCountChange(comparison);
+    expect(await compareThroughCli(fixture)).toEqual(comparison);
+  });
+
+  it.each([
+    "if (false) module.exports = {}; exports.parse = VALUE;",
+    "exports.parse = VALUE; if (false) module.exports = {};",
+    "function replace() { module.exports = {}; } exports.parse = VALUE;",
+    "function replace() { exports = {}; } exports.parse = VALUE;",
+    'const holder = {}; ({ [(module.exports = exports, "x")]: holder.x } = (module.exports = {})); exports.parse = VALUE;',
+    'const { [(module.exports = exports, "x")]: value } = (module.exports = {}); exports.parse = VALUE;',
+    "const [value = (module.exports = exports)] = (module.exports = []); exports.parse = VALUE;",
+    "module.exports = {}; Object.assign(module, { exports }); exports.parse = VALUE;",
+    'module.exports = {}; Object.defineProperty(module, "exports", { value: exports }); exports.parse = VALUE;',
+    'module.exports = {}; Reflect.set(module, "exports", exports); exports.parse = VALUE;',
+    "module.exports = {}; const assign = Object.assign; assign.call(null, module, { exports }); exports.parse = VALUE;",
+    "module.exports = {}; const wrapper = module; Object.assign(wrapper, { exports }); exports.parse = VALUE;",
+  ])(
+    "keeps execution-dependent receiver identity uncertain: %s",
+    async (source) => {
+      const fixture = await analyzeVersions(
+        (count) =>
+          source.replace(
+            "VALUE",
+            `() => ({ kind: "result", count: ${String(count)} })`,
+          ),
+        "parse",
+        "app.cjs",
+      );
+      for (const [path, count] of [
+        [fixture.leftPath, 1],
+        [fixture.rightPath, 2],
+      ] as const)
+        expect(requireFixture(path).parse()).toEqual({ kind: "result", count });
+      for (const evidence of [fixture.input.left, fixture.input.right])
+        expectUnresolvedExportBinding(evidence, "parse");
+      await expectCliAnalysisParity(fixture);
+      const comparison = await compareThroughMcp(fixture.input);
+      expectUncertainComparison(comparison);
+      expect(await compareThroughCli(fixture)).toEqual(comparison);
+    },
+  );
+});
+
 describe("CommonJS assignment-chain receiver identity through stdio MCP", () => {
   it("does not export a named write whose captured module.exports receiver is replaced", async () => {
     const fixture = await analyzeVersions(