diff --git a/translator/src/Translator.Cli/Program.cs b/translator/src/Translator.Cli/Program.cs
index b710b1e..2e00de5 100644
--- a/translator/src/Translator.Cli/Program.cs
+++ b/translator/src/Translator.Cli/Program.cs
@@ -139,6 +139,15 @@ TranslationOptions WithProjectFrontEndPolicy(
         LeafInliningBlockedTargets = leafInliningBlockedTargets.Value
     };
 string? translateModInputCacheDirectory = null;
+// translate-mod reads the same (large) base metadata from several places.
+var baseMetadataCache = new Dictionary<string, BaseTranslationOutputMetadata>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+BaseTranslationOutputMetadata ReadBaseMetadataCached(string path)
+{
+    var fullPath = Path.GetFullPath(path);
+    if (!baseMetadataCache.TryGetValue(fullPath, out var metadata))
+        baseMetadataCache[fullPath] = metadata = BaseTranslationOutputMetadataFile.Read(fullPath);
+    return metadata;
+}
 string? translateModPublishedOutputDirectory = null;
 List<AddressRange>? _executableRanges = null;
 // Callback discovery now runs on the discovery worker pool, so the range cache
@@ -472,10 +481,6 @@ int RunTranslateRecursive(string[] argsTail)
     var pruneStale = HasFlag(argsTail, "--prune-stale");
     var threadsOption = OptionValue(argsTail, "--threads");
     var maxThreads = threadsOption != null ? Math.Max(1, ParseInt(threadsOption)) : Math.Max(1, Environment.ProcessorCount);
-    // Discovery batches: cheap front-end-only work items, so the batch is sized
-    // generously to keep queue overhead off the hot path. Deliberately larger
-    // than the mod emission wave below, which carries whole C++ emissions.
-    var batchSize = Math.Max(64, maxThreads * 8);
     Console.WriteLine($"[translator] Using up to {maxThreads} worker thread(s).");
 
     // Log start time
@@ -493,7 +498,6 @@ int RunTranslateRecursive(string[] argsTail)
         // callees are decoded separately and never appear here). Feeds the
         // fall-through interior-entry detection for the base manifest.
         var translatedFlowCoverage = new Dictionary<uint, uint[]>();
-        var gqrUnknownEntryRoots = new HashSet<uint> { startAddr };
         var translatedFunctionEnds = new Dictionary<uint, uint>();
         // Every map entry is a function start, so the whole boundary set is known
         // before the first decode instead of accumulating as discovery proceeds.
@@ -565,13 +569,15 @@ int RunTranslateRecursive(string[] argsTail)
 
         void ProcessQueue(bool speculative = false)
         {
+            // Each round decodes the whole frontier: the output depends only on the final
+            // boundary set (boundary repair re-decodes stale owners), never on batching.
             while (queue.Count > 0)
             {
-                var batch = new List<(uint Address, int Depth, string Name)>(batchSize);
+                var batch = new List<(uint Address, int Depth, string Name)>(queue.Count);
                 var batchAddresses = new HashSet<uint>();
                 var candidates = QueueBatch.Dequeue(
                     queue,
-                    batchSize,
+                    queue.Count,
                     next => ShouldSkip(next) || !batchAddresses.Add(next.addr));
                 foreach (var next in candidates)
                 {
@@ -598,23 +604,19 @@ int RunTranslateRecursive(string[] argsTail)
             }
         }
 
-        // Batches drain one at a time so a callee of a prior speculative entry arrives with a known
-        // caller/GQR state instead of as another unknown root. Everything here is speculative, so a
-        // "call" decoded from an unreached map entry isn't proven code; treat failures as soft, not fatal.
+        // Everything here is speculative, so a "call" decoded from an unreached map entry
+        // isn't proven code; treat failures as soft, not fatal.
         void ProcessSpeculativeSeeds()
         {
             while (speculativeSeeds.Count > 0)
             {
-                var batch = new List<(uint Address, int Depth, string Name)>(batchSize);
+                var batch = new List<(uint Address, int Depth, string Name)>(speculativeSeeds.Count);
                 var candidates = QueueBatch.Dequeue(
                     speculativeSeeds,
-                    batchSize,
+                    speculativeSeeds.Count,
                     address => translated.Contains(address) || !visited.Add(address));
                 foreach (var address in candidates)
                 {
-                    // Nothing calls this from the translated set, so its entry
-                    // GQR state is unconstrained.
-                    gqrUnknownEntryRoots.Add(address);
                     batch.Add((address, 0, ResolveFunctionName(address, preferred: null, $"func_{address:X8}")));
                 }
 
@@ -652,22 +654,42 @@ int RunTranslateRecursive(string[] argsTail)
         // decoded out of one - is dropped with a counted warning.
         void TranslateBatch(List<(uint Address, int Depth, string Name)> batch, bool speculative = false)
         {
-            var results = new FunctionDiscoveryResult?[batch.Count];
-            IndexedParallel.For(batch.Count, parallelOptions, i => results[i] = Attempt(batch[i], speculative));
+            var metrics = new TranslationMetrics?[batch.Count];
+            var entryPoints = new uint[batch.Count];
+            var discoveryTargets = new uint[batch.Count][];
+            var swallowedSiblingEntries = new uint[batch.Count][];
+            var summaries = new GqrFunctionSummary[batch.Count];
+            var functionEnds = new uint[batch.Count];
+            var flowCoverage = new uint[batch.Count][];
+
+            // Everything kept from a decode is derived in the decode's own pass, so the full
+            // result is never retained; the few results a newly revealed boundary invalidates
+            // are simply decoded again. Commits stay serial and in batch order.
+            void Decode(int i, bool findSwallowedSiblings)
+            {
+                var result = Attempt(batch[i], speculative);
+                metrics[i] = result?.Metrics;
+                if (result is null)
+                {
+                    canonicalIrStore.Remove(batch[i].Address);
+                    return;
+                }
+                entryPoints[i] = result.EntryPoint;
+                if (findSwallowedSiblings)
+                    swallowedSiblingEntries[i] = DiscoverSwallowedSiblingEntries(result).ToArray();
+                discoveryTargets[i] = DiscoverDiscoveryTranslationTargets(result).ToArray();
+                summaries[i] = GqrFunctionSummary.Create(result.Ssa.Function);
+                canonicalIrStore.Put(batch[i].Address, result.Ssa.Function);
+                functionEnds[i] = GetFunctionInstructionEnd(result);
+                flowCoverage[i] = CoalesceInstructionRanges(result);
+            }
+
+            IndexedParallel.For(batch.Count, parallelOptions, i => Decode(i, findSwallowedSiblings: true));
 
             // Re-run only translations that swallowed a newly revealed sibling entry, or direct
-            // branches could bypass a mod overlay registered there. Both scans are pure per-result
-            // so they run on the same worker pool; the dedup filter below keeps first sighting.
-            var discoveryTargets = new uint[results.Length][];
-            var swallowedSiblingEntries = new uint[results.Length][];
-            IndexedParallel.For(results.Length, parallelOptions, i =>
-            {
-                if (results[i] is not { } result) return;
-                discoveryTargets[i] = DiscoverDiscoveryTranslationTargets(result).ToArray();
-                swallowedSiblingEntries[i] = DiscoverSwallowedSiblingEntries(result).ToArray();
-            });
-            var newlyKnownEntries = Enumerable.Range(0, results.Length)
-                .Where(i => results[i] is not null)
+            // branches could bypass a mod overlay registered there. The dedup filter keeps first sighting.
+            var newlyKnownEntries = Enumerable.Range(0, batch.Count)
+                .Where(i => metrics[i] is not null)
                 .SelectMany(i => discoveryTargets[i].Concat(swallowedSiblingEntries[i]))
                 .Where(knownBaseFunctionEntryPoints.Add)
                 .ToHashSet();
@@ -675,49 +697,39 @@ int RunTranslateRecursive(string[] argsTail)
             {
                 // The boundary set is final for this batch once the filter above has run,
                 // so the affected re-translations are independent of one another.
-                var affected = new List<int>();
-                for (var i = 0; i < results.Length; i++)
-                {
-                    if (results[i] is not { } result) continue;
-                    var entry = result.EntryPoint;
-                    if (result.Instructions.Any(instruction =>
-                            instruction.Address != entry && newlyKnownEntries.Contains(instruction.Address)))
-                    {
-                        affected.Add(i);
-                    }
-                }
-
-                IndexedParallel.For(affected.Count, parallelOptions, k =>
-                {
-                    var i = affected[k];
-                    results[i] = Attempt(batch[i], speculative);
-                    if (results[i] is { } result)
-                    {
-                        discoveryTargets[i] = DiscoverDiscoveryTranslationTargets(result).ToArray();
-                    }
-                });
+                var sortedNewEntries = newlyKnownEntries.Order().ToArray();
+                var affected = Enumerable.Range(0, batch.Count)
+                    .Where(i => metrics[i] is not null &&
+                        CoversInteriorInstruction(flowCoverage[i], entryPoints[i], sortedNewEntries))
+                    .ToArray();
+                IndexedParallel.For(affected.Length, parallelOptions, k => Decode(affected[k], findSwallowedSiblings: false));
             }
 
-            // The compact GQR projection is a pure walk of the final SSA graph and the
-            // canonical store serializes its own dictionary, so both move off the serial
-            // commit. Every address in a batch is distinct and untranslated, so the store
-            // sees one Put per key regardless of completion order.
-            var summaries = new GqrFunctionSummary[results.Length];
-            IndexedParallel.For(results.Length, parallelOptions, i =>
-            {
-                if (results[i] is not { } result) return;
-                summaries[i] = GqrFunctionSummary.Create(result.Ssa.Function);
-                canonicalIrStore.Put(batch[i].Address, result.Ssa.Function);
-            });
-
-            // Update state sequentially (thread-safe)
             for (var i = 0; i < batch.Count; i++)
             {
-                if (results[i] is not { } result) continue;
-                CommitResult(batch[i], result, discoveryTargets[i], summaries[i]);
+                if (metrics[i] is not { } functionMetrics) continue;
+                CommitResult(batch[i], functionMetrics, discoveryTargets[i], summaries[i], functionEnds[i], flowCoverage[i]);
             }
         }
 
+        // True when an instruction of the coalesced [start, end) coverage, other than the
+        // entry, starts at one of the sorted addresses.
+        static bool CoversInteriorInstruction(uint[] coverage, uint entry, uint[] sortedAddresses)
+        {
+            for (var r = 0; r < coverage.Length; r += 2)
+            {
+                var index = Array.BinarySearch(sortedAddresses, coverage[r]);
+                for (index = index >= 0 ? index : ~index;
+                     index < sortedAddresses.Length && sortedAddresses[index] < coverage[r + 1];
+                     index++)
+                {
+                    var address = sortedAddresses[index];
+                    if (address != entry && (address & 3u) == 0) return true;
+                }
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
         FunctionDiscoveryResult? Attempt((uint Address, int Depth, string Name) work, bool speculative)
         {
             if (!speculative)
@@ -773,16 +785,18 @@ int RunTranslateRecursive(string[] argsTail)
 
         void CommitResult(
             (uint Address, int Depth, string Name) work,
-            FunctionDiscoveryResult result,
+            TranslationMetrics functionMetrics,
             IReadOnlyList<uint> discoveryTargets,
-            GqrFunctionSummary summary)
+            GqrFunctionSummary summary,
+            uint functionEnd,
+            uint[] flowCoverage)
         {
             // File writing moved to parallel section above
-            totals.Add(result.Metrics);
+            totals.Add(functionMetrics);
             count++;
             translated.Add(work.Address);
-            translatedFunctionEnds[work.Address] = GetFunctionInstructionEnd(result);
-            translatedFlowCoverage[work.Address] = CoalesceInstructionRanges(result);
+            translatedFunctionEnds[work.Address] = functionEnd;
+            translatedFlowCoverage[work.Address] = flowCoverage;
 
             foreach (var target in discoveryTargets)
             {
@@ -821,6 +835,7 @@ int RunTranslateRecursive(string[] argsTail)
         // list that existed to paper over the addresses they still missed.
         ProcessQueue();
         var walkReachable = count;
+        var walkTranslated = translated.ToHashSet();
         ProcessSpeculativeSeeds();
         if (functionMap is not null)
         {
@@ -864,26 +879,31 @@ int RunTranslateRecursive(string[] argsTail)
             if (boundaryRepairAddresses.Length != 0)
             {
                 Console.WriteLine($"[translator] Reanalyzing {boundaryRepairAddresses.Length:N0} function(s) affected by later-discovered boundaries...");
-                var repaired = new FunctionDiscoveryResult[boundaryRepairAddresses.Length];
+                var repairedSummaries = new GqrFunctionSummary[boundaryRepairAddresses.Length];
+                var repairedEnds = new uint[boundaryRepairAddresses.Length];
+                var repairedCoverage = new uint[boundaryRepairAddresses.Length][];
                 IndexedParallel.For(boundaryRepairAddresses.Length, parallelOptions, i =>
                 {
                     var address = boundaryRepairAddresses[i];
                     var work = baseWork[address];
-                    repaired[i] = translator.Value.Discover(address, WithProjectFrontEndPolicy(new TranslationOptions(
+                    var repaired = translator.Value.Discover(address, WithProjectFrontEndPolicy(new TranslationOptions(
                         work.Name,
                         MaxInstructions: work.MaxInstructions,
                         MaxBytes: work.MaxBytes,
                         AllowUnsupportedInstructions: work.AllowUnsupported,
                         KnownFunctionEntryPoints: knownBaseFunctionEntryPoints),
                         RequireProject().Translation));
+                    repairedSummaries[i] = GqrFunctionSummary.Create(repaired.Ssa.Function);
+                    canonicalIrStore.Put(address, repaired.Ssa.Function);
+                    repairedEnds[i] = GetFunctionInstructionEnd(repaired);
+                    repairedCoverage[i] = CoalesceInstructionRanges(repaired);
                 });
                 for (var i = 0; i < boundaryRepairAddresses.Length; i++)
                 {
                     var address = boundaryRepairAddresses[i];
-                    baseSummaries[address] = GqrFunctionSummary.Create(repaired[i].Ssa.Function);
-                    canonicalIrStore.Put(address, repaired[i].Ssa.Function);
-                    translatedFunctionEnds[address] = GetFunctionInstructionEnd(repaired[i]);
-                    translatedFlowCoverage[address] = CoalesceInstructionRanges(repaired[i]);
+                    baseSummaries[address] = repairedSummaries[i];
+                    translatedFunctionEnds[address] = repairedEnds[i];
+                    translatedFlowCoverage[address] = repairedCoverage[i];
                 }
             }
 
@@ -906,6 +926,12 @@ int RunTranslateRecursive(string[] argsTail)
             }
 
             Console.WriteLine("[translator] Computing interprocedural GQR constants and callee write summaries...");
+            // Map entries the walk never reached have an unconstrained entry GQR state unless some
+            // translated function calls them directly.
+            var gqrUnknownEntryRoots = GqrInterproceduralAnalysis.SelectUnknownEntryRoots(
+                baseSummaries,
+                [startAddr],
+                (functionMap?.Addresses ?? Array.Empty<uint>()).Where(address => !walkTranslated.Contains(address)));
             var gqrAnalysis = GqrInterproceduralAnalysis.Analyze(
                 baseSummaries,
                 gqrUnknownEntryRoots);
@@ -1183,7 +1209,7 @@ int RunTranslateRecursive(string[] argsTail)
             // Populate the recursive ABI inference cache once, in stable global order, before
             // refinement and parallel emission, so cyclic call graphs don't depend on thread count.
             LogPhase("state-free selection + leaf residency");
-            ReportAbiPrewarm(inferredGuestAbi.Value.Prewarm(emissionAddresses));
+            ReportAbiPrewarm(inferredGuestAbi.Value.Prewarm(emissionAddresses, maxThreads));
             LogPhase("ABI prewarm");
 
             // State-free entries use the transformed leaf's exact live-at-entry
@@ -1404,6 +1430,7 @@ int RunTranslateRecursive(string[] argsTail)
             // source visible. `completionPulse` only wakes the writer; it carries
             // no state of its own.
             var emissionDone = new bool[pendingSources.Length];
+            var unsupportedByIndex = new int[emissionAddresses.Length];
             using var completionPulse = new ManualResetEventSlim(false);
             var emissionAborted = false;
             Task? pendingBundleWrite = null;
@@ -1459,6 +1486,8 @@ int RunTranslateRecursive(string[] argsTail)
                         var options = BuildEmissionOptions(address, stateFreeAbiContracts);
                         if (!canonicalIrStore.TryGet(address, out var canonicalSsa))
                             throw new InvalidOperationException($"Missing canonical SSA for final lowering at 0x{address:X8}.");
+                        unsupportedByIndex[i] = canonicalSsa.Blocks.Sum(block =>
+                            block.Instructions.Count(static instruction => instruction is IrUndefined));
                         var emitted = translator.Value.LowerCanonical(address, canonicalSsa, options);
                         var path = work.Path;
                         if (outputMetadata is not null)
@@ -1517,16 +1546,7 @@ int RunTranslateRecursive(string[] argsTail)
                     : Path.GetRelativePath(
                         Path.GetDirectoryName(Path.GetFullPath(outputMetadataPath!))!,
                         Path.GetFullPath(productionSourceBundlePath)).Replace('\\', '/');
-                var metadataUnsupportedInstructionCount = emissionAddresses.Sum(address =>
-                {
-                    if (!canonicalIrStore.TryGet(address, out var canonicalSsa))
-                    {
-                        throw new InvalidOperationException(
-                            $"Missing canonical SSA while computing translation quality for 0x{address:X8}.");
-                    }
-                    return canonicalSsa.Blocks.Sum(block =>
-                        block.Instructions.Count(static instruction => instruction is IrUndefined));
-                });
+                var metadataUnsupportedInstructionCount = unsupportedByIndex.Sum();
                 completedOutputMetadata = BaseTranslationOutputMetadata.Create(
                     outputMetadata,
                     new TranslationQualityMetadata(
@@ -1701,7 +1721,7 @@ int RunTranslateModCore(string[] argsTail, string? outputDirectoryOverride)
     // win (this shipped once as a character-select LinkList.h:573 panic).
     if (File.Exists(baseTranslationOutputMetadataPath) && File.Exists(codePul))
     {
-        var guardedBaseMetadata = BaseTranslationOutputMetadataFile.Read(baseTranslationOutputMetadataPath);
+        var guardedBaseMetadata = ReadBaseMetadataCached(baseTranslationOutputMetadataPath);
         var codePulSha256 = ChecksumUtilities.Sha256HexOfFile(codePul);
         var baseKnowsThisPul = guardedBaseMetadata.ModPatchAwareness is { } awareness &&
             awareness.Any(entry => string.Equals(entry.CodePulSha256, codePulSha256, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
@@ -2079,7 +2099,7 @@ void WriteResolvedDispatchProfile(
         var metadataPath = baseTranslationOutputMetadataPath;
         if (File.Exists(metadataPath))
         {
-            var metadata = BaseTranslationOutputMetadataFile.Read(metadataPath);
+            var metadata = ReadBaseMetadataCached(metadataPath);
             if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(metadata.SourceBundlePath))
             {
                 var bundlePath = Path.IsPathRooted(metadata.SourceBundlePath)
@@ -2154,7 +2174,7 @@ void WriteResolvedDispatchProfile(
         BaseTranslationOutputMetadata? metadata = null;
         if (File.Exists(baseTranslationOutputMetadataPath))
         {
-            metadata = BaseTranslationOutputMetadataFile.Read(baseTranslationOutputMetadataPath);
+            metadata = ReadBaseMetadataCached(baseTranslationOutputMetadataPath);
         }
         if (metadata is null || metadata.Functions.Any(static function => function.Build is null))
         {
@@ -2326,12 +2346,9 @@ int EmitModCpp(
         : new CompositeGuestFunctionAbiProvider(inferredAbi);
     var modTranslator = new FunctionTranslator(modImage, abiProvider);
     var parallelOptions = new ParallelOptions { MaxDegreeOfParallelism = maxThreads };
-    // Mod emission waves: each item is a full translate+emit, and each wave is a
-    // barrier that also drains newly discovered continuations, so it is
-    // deliberately smaller than the discovery batch above - a long wave delays
-    // the discoveries the next wave has to translate.
-    var waveSize = Math.Max(16, maxThreads * 4);
-    Console.WriteLine($"  translating mod C++ with up to {maxThreads} worker thread(s) in waves of {waveSize}");
+    // Each wave drains its whole queue: a wave is a barrier that publishes newly discovered
+    // entries, and draining everything makes the output independent of any wave size.
+    Console.WriteLine($"  translating mod C++ with up to {maxThreads} worker thread(s)");
 
     var cppRoot = Path.Combine(outDir, "cpp");
     if (Directory.Exists(cppRoot))
@@ -2410,7 +2427,7 @@ int EmitModCpp(
         // Some dynamically discovered module/continuation waves bypass
         // ProcessBoundedWaves. Prewarm every parallel emission boundary as a
         // final deterministic guard; phase-prewarmed entries are cheap hits.
-        ReportAbiPrewarm(inferredAbi.Prewarm(wave.Select(static work => work.Address)));
+        ReportAbiPrewarm(inferredAbi.Prewarm(wave.Select(static work => work.Address), maxThreads));
         return ModTranslationWaveRunner.Translate(() => modTranslator, wave, parallelOptions);
     }
 
@@ -2447,7 +2464,7 @@ int EmitModCpp(
         // Populate the recursive ABI cache in a stable global order before any worker emits C++,
         // so shared closure reuse and cyclic call graphs never depend on thread count, wave size,
         // or worker order.
-        ReportAbiPrewarm(inferredAbi.Prewarm(ordered.Select(static work => work.Address)));
+        ReportAbiPrewarm(inferredAbi.Prewarm(ordered.Select(static work => work.Address), maxThreads));
         // Commit callbacks here only append to the discovered-continuation queue that a later
         // phase drains, so nothing in this phase reads back its own commits; wave barriers would
         // only cost idle workers, so it runs as one parallel batch and the runner re-sorts by the
@@ -2592,7 +2609,7 @@ int EmitModCpp(
     {
         while (discoveredContinuationQueue.Count > 0)
         {
-            var wave = QueueBatch.Dequeue(discoveredContinuationQueue, waveSize)
+            var wave = QueueBatch.Dequeue(discoveredContinuationQueue, discoveredContinuationQueue.Count)
                 .Select(CreateContinuationWork)
                 .ToArray();
             CommitWave(TranslateWave(wave), (result, work) =>
@@ -2611,10 +2628,10 @@ int EmitModCpp(
     var emittedModuleStarts = new HashSet<uint>();
     while (moduleQueue.Count > 0)
     {
-        var wave = new List<ModTranslationWork>(waveSize);
+        var wave = new List<ModTranslationWork>(moduleQueue.Count);
         foreach (var start in QueueBatch.Dequeue(
                      moduleQueue,
-                     waveSize,
+                     moduleQueue.Count,
                      start => !emittedModuleStarts.Add(start.Address)))
         {
             var name = ModuleFunctionName(start.Address);
diff --git a/translator/src/Translator.Cli/Translator.Cli.csproj b/translator/src/Translator.Cli/Translator.Cli.csproj
index 6543c9f..2238d6e 100644
--- a/translator/src/Translator.Cli/Translator.Cli.csproj
+++ b/translator/src/Translator.Cli/Translator.Cli.csproj
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
     <TreatWarningsAsErrors>true</TreatWarningsAsErrors>
     <ServerGarbageCollection>true</ServerGarbageCollection>
     <ConcurrentGarbageCollection>true</ConcurrentGarbageCollection>
+    <TieredPGO>false</TieredPGO>
     <VersionPrefix>0.5.0</VersionPrefix>
     <Company>WiiCompiled</Company>
     <Product>Mario Kart Wii Static Translator</Product>
diff --git a/translator/src/Translator.Core/CodeGen/GuestMemoryRangeLowering.cs b/translator/src/Translator.Core/CodeGen/GuestMemoryRangeLowering.cs
index 010a821..9639598 100644
--- a/translator/src/Translator.Core/CodeGen/GuestMemoryRangeLowering.cs
+++ b/translator/src/Translator.Core/CodeGen/GuestMemoryRangeLowering.cs
@@ -102,12 +102,7 @@ public static class GuestMemoryRangeLowering
             .Any(group => group.Count() >= minimumAccesses))
             return function;
 
-        var cfg = IrCfg.Build(function);
-        var dominators = ComputeDominators(cfg);
-        var reachability = ComputeReachability(cfg);
-        var cyclicBlocks = cfg.Blocks.Keys.Where(label =>
-                cfg.Successors(label).Any(successor => reachability[successor].Contains(label)))
-            .ToHashSet(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        var graph = BlockGraph.Build(function);
 
         var plans = new Dictionary<(int Block, int Instruction), Plan>();
         var resolves = new Dictionary<int, List<PlacedResolve>>();
@@ -129,24 +124,35 @@ public static class GuestMemoryRangeLowering
                 if (definitionSites.Count != 1) continue;
                 definition = definitionSites[0];
                 var defined = definitionSites[0];
-                var definitionBlock = function.Blocks[defined.BlockIndex].Label;
                 if (remaining.Any(candidate =>
-                        !dominators[candidate.AccessBlockLabel(function)].Contains(definitionBlock) ||
+                        !graph.Dominates(defined.BlockIndex, candidate.BlockIndex) ||
                         candidate.BlockIndex == defined.BlockIndex &&
                         candidate.Access.Index <= defined.InstructionIndex))
                     continue;
             }
+            // The pair predicate is invariant across rounds, so memoize it.
+            var groupIndex = new Dictionary<FunctionAccess, int>(ReferenceEqualityComparer.Instance);
+            foreach (var access in remaining) groupIndex.Add(access, groupIndex.Count);
+            var compatible = remaining.Count <= 4096 ? new sbyte[remaining.Count * remaining.Count] : null;
+            bool Compatible(FunctionAccess anchor, FunctionAccess candidate)
+            {
+                if (compatible is null)
+                    return DominatesAccess(graph, anchor, candidate) &&
+                        !HasInvalidatingBoundaryOnPath(graph, invalidators, anchor, candidate);
+                var slot = groupIndex[anchor] * groupIndex.Count + groupIndex[candidate];
+                if (compatible[slot] != 0) return compatible[slot] > 0;
+                var value = DominatesAccess(graph, anchor, candidate) &&
+                    !HasInvalidatingBoundaryOnPath(graph, invalidators, anchor, candidate);
+                compatible[slot] = value ? (sbyte)1 : (sbyte)-1;
+                return value;
+            }
             while (remaining.Count >= minimumAccesses)
             {
                 FunctionAccess? bestAnchor = null;
                 FunctionAccess[] bestMembers = [];
                 foreach (var anchor in remaining)
                 {
-                    var members = remaining.Where(candidate =>
-                            DominatesAccess(function, dominators, anchor, candidate) &&
-                            !HasInvalidatingBoundaryOnPath(
-                                function, reachability, cyclicBlocks,
-                                invalidators, anchor, candidate))
+                    var members = remaining.Where(candidate => Compatible(anchor, candidate))
                         .OrderBy(candidate => candidate.Access.Index)
                         .ToList();
                     // Keep a bounded affine window around the real anchor. A
@@ -248,15 +254,13 @@ public static class GuestMemoryRangeLowering
     }
 
     private static bool DominatesAccess(
-        IrFunction function,
-        IReadOnlyDictionary<string, HashSet<string>> dominators,
+        BlockGraph graph,
         FunctionAccess anchor,
         FunctionAccess consumer)
     {
         if (anchor.BlockIndex == consumer.BlockIndex)
             return anchor.Access.Index <= consumer.Access.Index;
-        return dominators[consumer.AccessBlockLabel(function)].Contains(
-            anchor.AccessBlockLabel(function));
+        return graph.Dominates(anchor.BlockIndex, consumer.BlockIndex);
     }
 
     private static bool HasOverlappingOppositeAccess(
@@ -273,27 +277,25 @@ public static class GuestMemoryRangeLowering
     }
 
     private static bool HasInvalidatingBoundaryOnPath(
-        IrFunction function,
-        IReadOnlyDictionary<string, HashSet<string>> reachability,
-        IReadOnlySet<string> cyclicBlocks,
+        BlockGraph graph,
         IReadOnlyList<InstructionSite> invalidators,
         FunctionAccess anchor,
         FunctionAccess consumer)
     {
-        var anchorLabel = anchor.AccessBlockLabel(function);
-        var consumerLabel = consumer.AccessBlockLabel(function);
+        var anchorBlock = anchor.BlockIndex;
+        var consumerBlock = consumer.BlockIndex;
+        var consumerReentered = anchorBlock != consumerBlock && graph.Cyclic[consumerBlock];
         foreach (var invalidator in invalidators)
         {
-            var boundaryLabel = function.Blocks[invalidator.BlockIndex].Label;
-            var afterAnchor = invalidator.BlockIndex == anchor.BlockIndex
+            var boundaryBlock = invalidator.BlockIndex;
+            var afterAnchor = boundaryBlock == anchorBlock
                 ? invalidator.InstructionIndex > anchor.Access.Index
-                : reachability[anchorLabel].Contains(boundaryLabel);
-            var beforeConsumer = invalidator.BlockIndex == consumer.BlockIndex
-                ? invalidator.InstructionIndex < consumer.Access.Index ||
-                  anchor.BlockIndex != consumer.BlockIndex &&
-                  cyclicBlocks.Contains(consumerLabel)
-                : reachability[boundaryLabel].Contains(consumerLabel);
-            if (afterAnchor && beforeConsumer) return true;
+                : graph.Reaches(anchorBlock, boundaryBlock);
+            if (!afterAnchor) continue;
+            var beforeConsumer = boundaryBlock == consumerBlock
+                ? invalidator.InstructionIndex < consumer.Access.Index || consumerReentered
+                : graph.Reaches(boundaryBlock, consumerBlock);
+            if (beforeConsumer) return true;
         }
         return false;
     }
@@ -315,54 +317,117 @@ public static class GuestMemoryRangeLowering
         return result;
     }
 
-    private static Dictionary<string, HashSet<string>> ComputeDominators(IrCfg cfg)
+    /// <summary>Dominator and reachability sets as bitsets over block ordinals.</summary>
+    private sealed class BlockGraph
     {
-        var comparer = StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase;
-        var labels = cfg.Blocks.Keys.ToArray();
-        var all = labels.ToHashSet(comparer);
-        var result = labels.ToDictionary(label => label,
-            label => label.Equals(cfg.Entry, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
-                ? new HashSet<string>([label], comparer)
-                : new HashSet<string>(all, comparer), comparer);
-        bool changed;
-        do
-        {
-            changed = false;
-            foreach (var label in labels)
-            {
-                if (label.Equals(cfg.Entry, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) continue;
-                var predecessors = cfg.Predecessors(label);
-                var next = predecessors.Count == 0
-                    ? new HashSet<string>(comparer)
-                    : new HashSet<string>(result[predecessors[0]], comparer);
-                foreach (var predecessor in predecessors.Skip(1)) next.IntersectWith(result[predecessor]);
-                next.Add(label);
-                if (result[label].SetEquals(next)) continue;
-                result[label] = next;
-                changed = true;
-            }
-        } while (changed);
-        return result;
-    }
+        private readonly ulong[][] _dominators;
+        private readonly ulong[][] _reach;
 
-    private static Dictionary<string, HashSet<string>> ComputeReachability(IrCfg cfg)
-    {
-        var comparer = StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase;
-        var result = new Dictionary<string, HashSet<string>>(comparer);
-        foreach (var start in cfg.Blocks.Keys)
+        private BlockGraph(ulong[][] dominators, ulong[][] reach, bool[] cyclic)
         {
-            var reachable = new HashSet<string>(comparer);
-            var pending = new Stack<string>();
-            pending.Push(start);
-            while (pending.Count != 0)
-            {
-                var current = pending.Pop();
-                if (!reachable.Add(current)) continue;
-                foreach (var successor in cfg.Successors(current)) pending.Push(successor);
-            }
-            result[start] = reachable;
+            _dominators = dominators;
+            _reach = reach;
+            Cyclic = cyclic;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Blocks that can reach themselves again through a successor.</summary>
+        public bool[] Cyclic { get; }
+
+        public bool Dominates(int dominator, int block) =>
+            (_dominators[block][dominator >> 6] & (1UL << (dominator & 63))) != 0;
+
+        /// <summary>Reflexive: every block reaches itself.</summary>
+        public bool Reaches(int from, int to) =>
+            (_reach[from][to >> 6] & (1UL << (to & 63))) != 0;
+
+        public static BlockGraph Build(IrFunction function)
+        {
+            var cfg = IrCfg.Build(function);
+            var count = function.Blocks.Count;
+            var words = (count + 63) >> 6;
+            var index = new Dictionary<string, int>(count, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+            for (var i = 0; i < count; i++) index.Add(function.Blocks[i].Label, i);
+            var successors = new int[count][];
+            var predecessors = new int[count][];
+            for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            {
+                var label = function.Blocks[i].Label;
+                successors[i] = cfg.Successors(label).Select(successor => index[successor]).ToArray();
+                predecessors[i] = cfg.Predecessors(label).Select(predecessor => index[predecessor]).ToArray();
+            }
+
+            var reach = new ulong[count][];
+            var pending = new Stack<int>();
+            for (var start = 0; start < count; start++)
+            {
+                var row = new ulong[words];
+                pending.Push(start);
+                while (pending.Count != 0)
+                {
+                    var current = pending.Pop();
+                    ref var word = ref row[current >> 6];
+                    var bit = 1UL << (current & 63);
+                    if ((word & bit) != 0) continue;
+                    word |= bit;
+                    foreach (var successor in successors[current]) pending.Push(successor);
+                }
+                reach[start] = row;
+            }
+
+            var cyclic = new bool[count];
+            for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            {
+                foreach (var successor in successors[i])
+                {
+                    if ((reach[successor][i >> 6] & (1UL << (i & 63))) == 0) continue;
+                    cyclic[i] = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            var entry = index[cfg.Entry];
+            var dominators = new ulong[count][];
+            for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            {
+                dominators[i] = new ulong[words];
+                if (i == entry)
+                {
+                    dominators[i][i >> 6] = 1UL << (i & 63);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                Array.Fill(dominators[i], ulong.MaxValue);
+                if ((count & 63) != 0) dominators[i][words - 1] = (1UL << (count & 63)) - 1;
+            }
+            var next = new ulong[words];
+            bool changed;
+            do
+            {
+                changed = false;
+                for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)
+                {
+                    if (i == entry) continue;
+                    var preds = predecessors[i];
+                    if (preds.Length == 0)
+                    {
+                        Array.Clear(next);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        Array.Copy(dominators[preds[0]], next, words);
+                        for (var p = 1; p < preds.Length; p++)
+                        {
+                            var other = dominators[preds[p]];
+                            for (var w = 0; w < words; w++) next[w] &= other[w];
+                        }
+                    }
+                    next[i >> 6] |= 1UL << (i & 63);
+                    if (next.AsSpan().SequenceEqual(dominators[i])) continue;
+                    next.AsSpan().CopyTo(dominators[i]);
+                    changed = true;
+                }
+            } while (changed);
+            return new BlockGraph(dominators, reach, cyclic);
         }
-        return result;
     }
 
     private static IrInstruction ToResolved(IrInstruction instruction, Access access, Plan plan)
diff --git a/translator/src/Translator.Core/CodeGen/InferredGuestFunctionAbiProvider.cs b/translator/src/Translator.Core/CodeGen/InferredGuestFunctionAbiProvider.cs
index f4d9fb0..b8595a4 100644
--- a/translator/src/Translator.Core/CodeGen/InferredGuestFunctionAbiProvider.cs
+++ b/translator/src/Translator.Core/CodeGen/InferredGuestFunctionAbiProvider.cs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ using System.Collections.Concurrent;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Globalization;
 using System.Linq;
+using System.Numerics;
 using System.Threading;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 using Translator.Core.Analysis;
@@ -72,6 +73,9 @@ public sealed class InferredGuestFunctionAbiProvider : IGuestFunctionAbiProvider
         /// <summary>Reusable backing list for <see cref="FrameTaint"/>; phase A is never reentrant.</summary>
         public readonly List<bool> FrameTaintBuffer = new();
 
+        /// <summary>Address per <see cref="FrameTaint"/> entry, innermost last.</summary>
+        public readonly List<uint> FrameAddresses = new();
+
         /// <summary>Addresses already known tainted, shared by every phase-A worker of the current Prewarm
         /// call and reset each invocation. Without this memoization an unpublishable address gets
         /// re-analyzed, subtree and all, by every caller that reaches it, which compounds combinatorially
@@ -95,14 +99,21 @@ public sealed class InferredGuestFunctionAbiProvider : IGuestFunctionAbiProvider
             return false;
         }
 
+        var state = _threadState.Value!;
+        var frameTaint = state.FrameTaint;
+        if (frameTaint is not null && state.FrameAddresses.Count > 0 && state.FrameAddresses[^1] == address)
+        {
+            // Direct self-recursion sees what a sequential run would, even once another thread has published it.
+            abi = GuestFunctionAbi.Empty;
+            return false;
+        }
+
         if (_cache.TryGetValue(address, out abi!))
         {
             return true;
         }
 
-        var state = _threadState.Value!;
         var inProgress = state.InProgress;
-        var frameTaint = state.FrameTaint;
 
         if (frameTaint is not null && state.TaintedAddresses!.ContainsKey(address))
         {
@@ -151,6 +162,7 @@ public sealed class InferredGuestFunctionAbiProvider : IGuestFunctionAbiProvider
 
         // Prewarm phase A: track taint for this frame and publish only if it stayed clean.
         frameTaint.Add(false);
+        state.FrameAddresses.Add(address);
         var frameIndex = frameTaint.Count - 1;
         bool succeeded;
         bool tainted;
@@ -172,6 +184,7 @@ public sealed class InferredGuestFunctionAbiProvider : IGuestFunctionAbiProvider
         finally
         {
             inProgress.Remove(address);
+            state.FrameAddresses.RemoveAt(frameIndex);
             tainted = frameTaint[frameIndex];
             frameTaint.RemoveAt(frameIndex);
             if (tainted && frameIndex > 0)
@@ -274,6 +287,7 @@ public sealed class InferredGuestFunctionAbiProvider : IGuestFunctionAbiProvider
         var state = _threadState.Value!;
         var frames = state.FrameTaintBuffer;
         frames.Clear();
+        state.FrameAddresses.Clear();
         state.TaintedAddresses = taintedAddresses;
         state.FrameTaint = frames;
         try
@@ -418,82 +432,102 @@ public sealed class InferredGuestFunctionAbiProvider : IGuestFunctionAbiProvider
     private HashSet<string> InferArgumentRegisters(IrFunction function, IrCfg cfg)
     {
         var comparer = StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase;
-        var blockUses = new Dictionary<string, HashSet<string>>(comparer);
-        var blockDefs = new Dictionary<string, HashSet<string>>(comparer);
-
-        foreach (var block in function.Blocks)
+        // Interned register ids so the liveness fixpoint runs over bitsets.
+        var ids = new Dictionary<string, int>(comparer);
+        var names = new List<string>();
+        int Id(string name)
         {
-            var uses = new HashSet<string>(comparer);
-            var defs = new HashSet<string>(comparer);
+            if (!ids.TryGetValue(name, out var id))
+            {
+                id = names.Count;
+                ids.Add(name, id);
+                names.Add(name);
+            }
+            return id;
+        }
+
+        var blockCount = function.Blocks.Count;
+        var useLists = new List<int>[blockCount];
+        var defLists = new List<int>[blockCount];
+        var labelIndex = new Dictionary<string, int>(blockCount, comparer);
+        for (var b = 0; b < blockCount; b++)
+        {
+            var block = function.Blocks[b];
+            var uses = new List<int>();
+            var defs = new List<int>();
+            var defined = new HashSet<int>();
             foreach (var instruction in block.Instructions)
             {
                 foreach (var use in InstructionRegisterUsesForArgumentInference(instruction))
                 {
-                    if (!defs.Contains(use))
-                    {
-                        uses.Add(use);
-                    }
+                    var id = Id(use);
+                    if (!defined.Contains(id))
+                        uses.Add(id);
                 }
 
                 foreach (var def in InstructionRegisterDefsForArgumentInference(instruction))
                 {
-                    defs.Add(def);
+                    var id = Id(def);
+                    if (defined.Add(id))
+                        defs.Add(id);
                 }
             }
-
-            blockUses[block.Label] = uses;
-            blockDefs[block.Label] = defs;
+            useLists[b] = uses;
+            defLists[b] = defs;
         }
 
-        var liveIn = function.Blocks.ToDictionary(
-            static block => block.Label,
-            _ => new HashSet<string>(comparer),
-            comparer);
-        var liveOut = function.Blocks.ToDictionary(
-            static block => block.Label,
-            _ => new HashSet<string>(comparer),
-            comparer);
+        for (var b = 0; b < blockCount; b++)
+            labelIndex.Add(function.Blocks[b].Label, b);
 
+        var words = Math.Max(1, (names.Count + 63) >> 6);
+        var useBits = new ulong[blockCount * words];
+        var keepBits = new ulong[blockCount * words];
+        Array.Fill(keepBits, ulong.MaxValue);
+        var successors = new int[blockCount][];
+        for (var b = 0; b < blockCount; b++)
+        {
+            foreach (var id in useLists[b]) useBits[b * words + (id >> 6)] |= 1UL << (id & 63);
+            foreach (var id in defLists[b]) keepBits[b * words + (id >> 6)] &= ~(1UL << (id & 63));
+            var targets = new List<int>();
+            foreach (var successor in cfg.Successors(function.Blocks[b].Label))
+                if (labelIndex.TryGetValue(successor, out var index))
+                    targets.Add(index);
+            successors[b] = targets.ToArray();
+        }
+
+        var liveIn = new ulong[blockCount * words];
         var changed = true;
         while (changed)
         {
             changed = false;
-            for (var blockIndex = function.Blocks.Count - 1; blockIndex >= 0; blockIndex--)
+            for (var b = blockCount - 1; b >= 0; b--)
             {
-                var block = function.Blocks[blockIndex];
-                var newOut = new HashSet<string>(comparer);
-                foreach (var successor in cfg.Successors(block.Label))
+                var row = b * words;
+                for (var w = 0; w < words; w++)
                 {
-                    if (liveIn.TryGetValue(successor, out var successorLiveIn))
+                    ulong liveOut = 0;
+                    foreach (var successor in successors[b])
+                        liveOut |= liveIn[successor * words + w];
+                    var value = useBits[row + w] | (liveOut & keepBits[row + w]);
+                    if (value != liveIn[row + w])
                     {
-                        newOut.UnionWith(successorLiveIn);
+                        liveIn[row + w] = value;
+                        changed = true;
                     }
                 }
-
-                var newIn = new HashSet<string>(blockUses[block.Label], comparer);
-                var outMinusDefs = new HashSet<string>(newOut, comparer);
-                outMinusDefs.ExceptWith(blockDefs[block.Label]);
-                newIn.UnionWith(outMinusDefs);
-
-                if (!newOut.SetEquals(liveOut[block.Label]))
-                {
-                    liveOut[block.Label] = newOut;
-                    changed = true;
-                }
-
-                if (!newIn.SetEquals(liveIn[block.Label]))
-                {
-                    liveIn[block.Label] = newIn;
-                    changed = true;
-                }
             }
         }
 
-        return liveIn.TryGetValue(function.EntryLabel, out var entryLive)
-            ? entryLive
-                .Where(IsGprOrFprRegister)
-                .ToHashSet(comparer)
-            : new HashSet<string>(comparer);
+        var result = new HashSet<string>(comparer);
+        if (labelIndex.TryGetValue(function.EntryLabel, out var entry))
+        {
+            for (var id = 0; id < names.Count; id++)
+            {
+                if ((liveIn[entry * words + (id >> 6)] & (1UL << (id & 63))) != 0 && IsGprOrFprRegister(names[id]))
+                    result.Add(names[id]);
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
     }
 
     private IEnumerable<string> InstructionRegisterUsesForArgumentInference(IrInstruction instruction)
@@ -755,45 +789,74 @@ public sealed class InferredGuestFunctionAbiProvider : IGuestFunctionAbiProvider
     private HashSet<string> InferScalarFloatArguments(IrFunction function, IrCfg cfg)
     {
         var scalarArgs = new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
-        var comparer = StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase;
-        var inMap = function.Blocks.ToDictionary(
-            static b => b.Label,
-            b => b.Label.Equals(function.EntryLabel, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
-                ? CreateInitialArgumentAliasState()
-                : new Dictionary<string, HashSet<string>>(comparer),
-            comparer);
-        var outMap = function.Blocks.ToDictionary(
-            static b => b.Label,
-            b => b.Label.Equals(function.EntryLabel, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
-                ? CreateInitialArgumentAliasState()
-                : new Dictionary<string, HashSet<string>>(comparer),
-            comparer);
+        var keys = new AliasKeys(function);
+        var blockCount = function.Blocks.Count;
+        var blockIndex = new Dictionary<string, int>(blockCount, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        for (var b = 0; b < blockCount; b++)
+            blockIndex[function.Blocks[b].Label] = b;
+        var predecessors = new int[blockCount][];
+        var isEntry = new bool[blockCount];
+        for (var b = 0; b < blockCount; b++)
+        {
+            var block = function.Blocks[b];
+            isEntry[b] = block.Label.Equals(function.EntryLabel, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+            var list = new List<int>();
+            foreach (var predecessor in cfg.Predecessors(block.Label))
+                if (blockIndex.TryGetValue(predecessor, out var index))
+                    list.Add(index);
+            predecessors[b] = list.ToArray();
+        }
+
+        // Per alias key: -1 when absent, otherwise the mask of ABI float argument sources.
+        var initial = keys.InitialState();
+        var inMap = new int[blockCount][];
+        var outMap = new int[blockCount][];
+        for (var b = 0; b < blockCount; b++)
+        {
+            inMap[b] = isEntry[b] ? (int[])initial.Clone() : keys.EmptyState();
+            outMap[b] = isEntry[b] ? (int[])initial.Clone() : keys.EmptyState();
+        }
 
         var changed = true;
         while (changed)
         {
             changed = false;
-            foreach (var block in function.Blocks)
+            for (var b = 0; b < blockCount; b++)
             {
-                var newIn = block.Label.Equals(function.EntryLabel, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
-                    ? CreateInitialArgumentAliasState()
-                    : UnionPredecessorStates(cfg.Predecessors(block.Label), outMap);
-
-                var newOut = CopyAliasState(newIn);
-                foreach (var ins in block.Instructions)
+                int[] newIn;
+                if (isEntry[b])
                 {
-                    ProcessScalarArgumentInstruction(ins, newOut, scalarArgs);
+                    newIn = (int[])initial.Clone();
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    newIn = keys.EmptyState();
+                    foreach (var predecessor in predecessors[b])
+                    {
+                        var predState = outMap[predecessor];
+                        for (var key = 0; key < newIn.Length; key++)
+                        {
+                            if (predState[key] < 0) continue;
+                            newIn[key] = newIn[key] < 0 ? predState[key] : newIn[key] | predState[key];
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
 
-                if (!AliasStatesEqual(newIn, inMap[block.Label]))
+                var newOut = (int[])newIn.Clone();
+                foreach (var ins in function.Blocks[b].Instructions)
                 {
-                    inMap[block.Label] = newIn;
+                    ProcessScalarArgumentInstruction(ins, keys, newOut, scalarArgs);
+                }
+
+                if (!newIn.AsSpan().SequenceEqual(inMap[b]))
+                {
+                    inMap[b] = newIn;
                     changed = true;
                 }
 
-                if (!AliasStatesEqual(newOut, outMap[block.Label]))
+                if (!newOut.AsSpan().SequenceEqual(outMap[b]))
                 {
-                    outMap[block.Label] = newOut;
+                    outMap[b] = newOut;
                     changed = true;
                 }
             }
@@ -802,63 +865,153 @@ public sealed class InferredGuestFunctionAbiProvider : IGuestFunctionAbiProvider
         return scalarArgs;
     }
 
+    /// <summary>Interned float register names the scalar-argument alias analysis can track.
+    /// Ids 0..12 are the ABI float argument registers, so a source set is a 13-bit mask.</summary>
+    private sealed class AliasKeys
+    {
+        private readonly Dictionary<string, int> _ids = new(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+
+        public AliasKeys(IrFunction function)
+        {
+            foreach (var register in AbiFloatArgumentRegisters)
+                _ids.Add(register, _ids.Count);
+            foreach (var block in function.Blocks)
+            {
+                foreach (var instruction in block.Instructions)
+                {
+                    switch (instruction)
+                    {
+                        case IrAssign assign:
+                            AddName(assign.Destination);
+                            AddValue(assign.Value);
+                            break;
+                        case IrBinary binary:
+                            AddValue(binary.Left);
+                            AddValue(binary.Right);
+                            AddName(binary.Destination);
+                            break;
+                        case IrLoad load:
+                            AddName(load.Destination);
+                            break;
+                        case IrStore store:
+                            AddValue(store.Source);
+                            break;
+                        case IrCall call:
+                            foreach (var argument in call.Arguments) AddValue(argument);
+                            AddName(call.Destination);
+                            break;
+                        case IrIndirectCall indirectCall:
+                            foreach (var argument in indirectCall.Arguments) AddValue(argument);
+                            AddName(indirectCall.Destination);
+                            break;
+                        case IrSetCrField setCr:
+                            AddValue(setCr.Left);
+                            AddValue(setCr.Right);
+                            break;
+                        case IrPhi phi:
+                            AddName(phi.Destination);
+                            break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public int Count => _ids.Count;
+
+        public int[] EmptyState()
+        {
+            var state = new int[_ids.Count];
+            Array.Fill(state, -1);
+            return state;
+        }
+
+        public int[] InitialState()
+        {
+            var state = EmptyState();
+            for (var i = 0; i < AbiFloatArgumentRegisters.Length; i++)
+                state[i] = 1 << i;
+            return state;
+        }
+
+        public bool TryGet(string baseName, out int id) => _ids.TryGetValue(baseName, out id);
+
+        private void AddValue(IrValue? value)
+        {
+            if (value is { Kind: "register", RegisterName: { } name })
+                AddName(name);
+        }
+
+        private void AddName(string? name)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(name)) return;
+            var baseName = Base(name);
+            if (IsFloatRegister(baseName))
+                _ids.TryAdd(baseName, _ids.Count);
+        }
+    }
+
     private void ProcessScalarArgumentInstruction(
         IrInstruction ins,
-        Dictionary<string, HashSet<string>> aliases,
+        AliasKeys keys,
+        int[] aliases,
         HashSet<string> scalarArgs)
     {
         switch (ins)
         {
             case IrAssign assign:
-                PropagateFloatAlias(assign.Destination, assign.Value, aliases);
+                PropagateFloatAlias(assign.Destination, assign.Value, keys, aliases);
                 break;
 
             case IrBinary bin:
-                MarkScalarUse(bin.Left, aliases, scalarArgs);
-                MarkScalarUse(bin.Right, aliases, scalarArgs);
-                KillFloatAlias(bin.Destination, aliases);
+                MarkScalarUse(bin.Left, keys, aliases, scalarArgs);
+                MarkScalarUse(bin.Right, keys, aliases, scalarArgs);
+                KillFloatAlias(bin.Destination, keys, aliases);
                 break;
 
             case IrLoad load:
-                KillFloatAlias(load.Destination, aliases);
+                KillFloatAlias(load.Destination, keys, aliases);
                 break;
 
             case IrStore store:
                 if (store.SizeBytes is 4 or 8)
                 {
-                    MarkScalarUse(store.Source, aliases, scalarArgs);
+                    MarkScalarUse(store.Source, keys, aliases, scalarArgs);
                 }
                 break;
 
             case IrCall call:
-                ProcessScalarArgumentCall(call.Target, call.Arguments, aliases, scalarArgs);
-                KillFloatAlias(call.Destination, aliases);
+                ProcessScalarArgumentCall(call.Target, call.Arguments, keys, aliases, scalarArgs);
+                KillFloatAlias(call.Destination, keys, aliases);
                 break;
 
             case IrIndirectCall icall:
                 foreach (var arg in icall.Arguments)
                 {
-                    MarkScalarUse(arg, aliases, scalarArgs);
+                    MarkScalarUse(arg, keys, aliases, scalarArgs);
                 }
-                aliases.Remove("f1");
-                KillFloatAlias(icall.Destination, aliases);
+                aliases[F1AliasKey] = -1;
+                KillFloatAlias(icall.Destination, keys, aliases);
                 break;
 
             case IrSetCrField setCr:
-                MarkScalarUse(setCr.Left, aliases, scalarArgs);
-                MarkScalarUse(setCr.Right, aliases, scalarArgs);
+                MarkScalarUse(setCr.Left, keys, aliases, scalarArgs);
+                MarkScalarUse(setCr.Right, keys, aliases, scalarArgs);
                 break;
 
             case IrPhi phi:
-                KillFloatAlias(phi.Destination, aliases);
+                KillFloatAlias(phi.Destination, keys, aliases);
                 break;
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>Alias key of f1, the first ABI float argument register.</summary>
+    private const int F1AliasKey = 0;
+
     private void ProcessScalarArgumentCall(
         string target,
         IReadOnlyList<IrValue> arguments,
-        Dictionary<string, HashSet<string>> aliases,
+        AliasKeys keys,
+        int[] aliases,
         HashSet<string> scalarArgs)
     {
         if (IsGuestCallTarget(target))
@@ -873,14 +1026,14 @@ public sealed class InferredGuestFunctionAbiProvider : IGuestFunctionAbiProvider
                         arg.RegisterName != null &&
                         abi.HasScalarFloatArgument(Base(arg.RegisterName)))
                     {
-                        MarkScalarUse(arg, aliases, scalarArgs);
+                        MarkScalarUse(arg, keys, aliases, scalarArgs);
                     }
                 }
             }
 
             if (writesFloatReturnRegister)
             {
-                aliases.Remove("f1");
+                aliases[F1AliasKey] = -1;
             }
             return;
         }
@@ -892,7 +1045,7 @@ public sealed class InferredGuestFunctionAbiProvider : IGuestFunctionAbiProvider
 
         foreach (var arg in arguments)
         {
-            MarkScalarUse(arg, aliases, scalarArgs);
+            MarkScalarUse(arg, keys, aliases, scalarArgs);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1083,7 +1236,8 @@ public sealed class InferredGuestFunctionAbiProvider : IGuestFunctionAbiProvider
 
     private static void MarkScalarUse(
         IrValue value,
-        IReadOnlyDictionary<string, HashSet<string>> aliases,
+        AliasKeys keys,
+        int[] aliases,
         HashSet<string> scalarArgs)
     {
         if (value.Kind != "register" || value.RegisterName == null)
@@ -1092,24 +1246,22 @@ public sealed class InferredGuestFunctionAbiProvider : IGuestFunctionAbiProvider
         }
 
         var baseName = Base(value.RegisterName);
-        if (!IsFloatRegister(baseName) || !aliases.TryGetValue(baseName, out var sources))
+        if (!IsFloatRegister(baseName) || !keys.TryGet(baseName, out var key) || aliases[key] < 0)
         {
             return;
         }
 
-        foreach (var source in sources)
+        for (var sources = aliases[key]; sources != 0; sources &= sources - 1)
         {
-            if (AbiFloatArgumentSet.Contains(source))
-            {
-                scalarArgs.Add(source);
-            }
+            scalarArgs.Add(AbiFloatArgumentRegisters[BitOperations.TrailingZeroCount(sources)]);
         }
     }
 
     private static void PropagateFloatAlias(
         string destination,
         IrValue value,
-        Dictionary<string, HashSet<string>> aliases)
+        AliasKeys keys,
+        int[] aliases)
     {
         var destBase = Base(destination);
         if (!IsFloatRegister(destBase))
@@ -1117,24 +1269,27 @@ public sealed class InferredGuestFunctionAbiProvider : IGuestFunctionAbiProvider
             return;
         }
 
+        keys.TryGet(destBase, out var destKey);
         if (value.Kind == "register" &&
             value.RegisterName != null &&
             IsFloatRegister(Base(value.RegisterName)) &&
-            aliases.TryGetValue(Base(value.RegisterName), out var srcAliases))
+            keys.TryGet(Base(value.RegisterName), out var sourceKey) &&
+            aliases[sourceKey] >= 0)
         {
-            aliases[destBase] = new HashSet<string>(srcAliases, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+            aliases[destKey] = aliases[sourceKey];
         }
         else
         {
-            aliases.Remove(destBase);
+            aliases[destKey] = -1;
         }
     }
 
-    private static void KillFloatAlias(string destination, Dictionary<string, HashSet<string>> aliases)
+    private static void KillFloatAlias(string destination, AliasKeys keys, int[] aliases)
     {
-        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(destination) && IsFloatRegister(Base(destination)))
+        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(destination) && IsFloatRegister(Base(destination)) &&
+            keys.TryGet(Base(destination), out var key))
         {
-            aliases.Remove(Base(destination));
+            aliases[key] = -1;
         }
     }
 
@@ -1146,70 +1301,6 @@ public sealed class InferredGuestFunctionAbiProvider : IGuestFunctionAbiProvider
         }
     }
 
-    private static Dictionary<string, HashSet<string>> CreateInitialArgumentAliasState()
-    {
-        return AbiFloatArgumentRegisters.ToDictionary(
-            static r => r,
-            static r => new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase) { r },
-            StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
-    }
-
-    private static Dictionary<string, HashSet<string>> UnionPredecessorStates(
-        IReadOnlyList<string> predecessors,
-        IReadOnlyDictionary<string, Dictionary<string, HashSet<string>>> outMap)
-    {
-        var result = new Dictionary<string, HashSet<string>>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
-        foreach (var pred in predecessors)
-        {
-            if (!outMap.TryGetValue(pred, out var predState))
-            {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            foreach (var (register, sources) in predState)
-            {
-                if (!result.TryGetValue(register, out var destSources))
-                {
-                    destSources = new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
-                    result[register] = destSources;
-                }
-
-                destSources.UnionWith(sources);
-            }
-        }
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    private static Dictionary<string, HashSet<string>> CopyAliasState(
-        IReadOnlyDictionary<string, HashSet<string>> state)
-    {
-        return state.ToDictionary(
-            static kv => kv.Key,
-            static kv => new HashSet<string>(kv.Value, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase),
-            StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
-    }
-
-    private static bool AliasStatesEqual(
-        IReadOnlyDictionary<string, HashSet<string>> left,
-        IReadOnlyDictionary<string, HashSet<string>> right)
-    {
-        if (left.Count != right.Count)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        foreach (var (key, leftSet) in left)
-        {
-            if (!right.TryGetValue(key, out var rightSet) || !leftSet.SetEquals(rightSet))
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return true;
-    }
-
     private static bool IsGuestCallTarget(string target)
     {
         if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(target))
diff --git a/translator/src/Translator.Core/Translation/CanonicalIrStore.cs b/translator/src/Translator.Core/Translation/CanonicalIrStore.cs
index e47ec2e..a4c57d4 100644
--- a/translator/src/Translator.Core/Translation/CanonicalIrStore.cs
+++ b/translator/src/Translator.Core/Translation/CanonicalIrStore.cs
@@ -30,6 +30,14 @@ public sealed class CanonicalIrStore : ICanonicalIrProvider
         }
     }
 
+    public void Remove(uint entryPoint)
+    {
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            _entries.Remove(entryPoint);
+        }
+    }
+
     public bool TryGet(uint entryPoint, out IrFunction function)
     {
         byte[]? encoded;
@@ -55,12 +63,16 @@ internal static class CanonicalIrBinaryCodec
         IndirectJump, JumpTable, Return, Comment, TracePpc, Undefined
     }
 
+    // Reused per thread so encoding doesn't regrow (and re-fault) a fresh buffer per function.
+    [ThreadStatic] private static MemoryStream? _encodeStream;
+
     public static byte[] Encode(IrFunction function)
     {
         var strings = BuildStringTable(function);
         var ids = strings.Select((value, index) => (value, index))
             .ToDictionary(static pair => pair.value, static pair => pair.index, StringComparer.Ordinal);
-        using var stream = new MemoryStream();
+        var stream = _encodeStream ??= new MemoryStream();
+        stream.SetLength(0);
         using var writer = new BinaryWriter(stream, Encoding.UTF8, leaveOpen: true);
         writer.Write(Magic);
         WriteVarUInt(writer, (uint)CanonicalIrStore.FormatVersion);
@@ -85,9 +97,11 @@ internal static class CanonicalIrBinaryCodec
         return stream.ToArray();
     }
 
-    public static IrFunction Decode(ReadOnlySpan<byte> encoded)
+    public static IrFunction Decode(ReadOnlySpan<byte> encoded) => Decode(encoded.ToArray());
+
+    public static IrFunction Decode(byte[] encoded)
     {
-        using var stream = new MemoryStream(encoded.ToArray(), writable: false);
+        using var stream = new MemoryStream(encoded, writable: false);
         using var reader = new BinaryReader(stream, Encoding.UTF8, leaveOpen: true);
         if (!reader.ReadBytes(Magic.Length).SequenceEqual(Magic) ||
             ReadVarUInt(reader) != CanonicalIrStore.FormatVersion)
diff --git a/translator/src/Translator.Core/Translation/GqrInterproceduralAnalysis.cs b/translator/src/Translator.Core/Translation/GqrInterproceduralAnalysis.cs
index e8c2c0a..4c44dfe 100644
--- a/translator/src/Translator.Core/Translation/GqrInterproceduralAnalysis.cs
+++ b/translator/src/Translator.Core/Translation/GqrInterproceduralAnalysis.cs
@@ -497,12 +497,52 @@ public static class GqrInterproceduralAnalysis
         return masks;
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Unknown-entry roots that depend only on the final call graph, never on discovery order:
+    /// <paramref name="fixedRoots"/>, every candidate without a direct caller, then (ascending) any
+    /// candidate the roots still don't reach, so no candidate is left without an entry fact source.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static HashSet<uint> SelectUnknownEntryRoots(
+        IReadOnlyDictionary<uint, GqrFunctionSummary> functions,
+        IEnumerable<uint> fixedRoots,
+        IEnumerable<uint> candidates)
+    {
+        var called = new HashSet<uint>();
+        foreach (var summary in functions.Values)
+            foreach (var target in summary.DirectGuestTargets)
+                called.Add(target);
+        var ordered = candidates.Where(functions.ContainsKey).Distinct().OrderBy(static a => a).ToArray();
+        var roots = fixedRoots.Where(functions.ContainsKey).ToHashSet();
+        foreach (var address in ordered)
+            if (!called.Contains(address))
+                roots.Add(address);
+        var reachable = ComputeCompactReachable(functions, roots);
+        foreach (var address in ordered)
+        {
+            if (reachable.Contains(address)) continue;
+            roots.Add(address);
+            ExtendCompactReachable(functions, reachable, address);
+        }
+        return roots;
+    }
+
     private static HashSet<uint> ComputeCompactReachable(
         IReadOnlyDictionary<uint, GqrFunctionSummary> functions,
         IReadOnlySet<uint> roots)
     {
         var reachable = new HashSet<uint>();
-        var queue = new Queue<uint>(roots);
+        foreach (var root in roots)
+            ExtendCompactReachable(functions, reachable, root);
+        return reachable;
+    }
+
+    private static void ExtendCompactReachable(
+        IReadOnlyDictionary<uint, GqrFunctionSummary> functions,
+        HashSet<uint> reachable,
+        uint root)
+    {
+        var queue = new Queue<uint>();
+        queue.Enqueue(root);
         while (queue.TryDequeue(out var address))
         {
             if (!reachable.Add(address)) continue;
@@ -510,7 +550,6 @@ public static class GqrInterproceduralAnalysis
                 if (functions.ContainsKey(target) && !reachable.Contains(target))
                     queue.Enqueue(target);
         }
-        return reachable;
     }
 
     private static void TransferCompact(
diff --git a/translator/tests/Translator.Tests/GqrConstantPropagationTests.cs b/translator/tests/Translator.Tests/GqrConstantPropagationTests.cs
index 937dbec..aa36bbf 100644
--- a/translator/tests/Translator.Tests/GqrConstantPropagationTests.cs
+++ b/translator/tests/Translator.Tests/GqrConstantPropagationTests.cs
@@ -167,6 +167,31 @@ public sealed class GqrConstantPropagationTests
             instruction => instruction is IrCall { Target: "PPC_PsqLKnown_00070007" });
     }
 
+    [Fact]
+    public void UnknownEntryRootsDependOnlyOnTheCallGraph()
+    {
+        IrFunction Calls(params uint[] targets) => Function(targets
+            .Select(target => (IrInstruction)new IrCall(string.Empty, $"0x{target:X8}", Array.Empty<IrValue>()))
+            .Append(new IrReturn(null))
+            .ToArray());
+        var functions = new Dictionary<uint, IrFunction>
+        {
+            [0x80001000] = Calls(),
+            [0x80002000] = Calls(0x80003000),
+            [0x80003000] = Calls(),
+            [0x80004000] = Calls(0x80005000),
+            [0x80005000] = Calls(0x80004000)
+        };
+        var summaries = functions.ToDictionary(pair => pair.Key, pair => GqrFunctionSummary.Create(pair.Value));
+        uint[] candidates = [0x80002000, 0x80003000, 0x80004000, 0x80005000];
+
+        var roots = GqrInterproceduralAnalysis.SelectUnknownEntryRoots(summaries, [0x80001000u], candidates);
+        var reversed = GqrInterproceduralAnalysis.SelectUnknownEntryRoots(summaries, [0x80001000u], candidates.Reverse());
+
+        Assert.Equal(new uint[] { 0x80001000, 0x80002000, 0x80004000 }, roots.Order());
+        Assert.Equal(roots.Order(), reversed.Order());
+    }
+
     [Fact]
     public void InterproceduralAnalysisIntersectsConflictingCallers()
     {