Merge branch 'glossing/basic-node-pool' into glossing/full-node-pool

Reviewed-on: https://codeberg.org/uzu/strudel/pulls/1628

packages/core/controls.mjs

@@ -72,6 +72,27 @@ export function registerControl(names, ...aliases) {
   return bag;
 }
 
+export function registerMultiControl(names, maxControls, ...aliases) {
+  names = Array.isArray(names) ? names : [names];
+  let bag = {};
+  for (let i = 1; i <= maxControls; i++) {
+    let theseAliases = [...aliases];
+    let theseNames = [...names];
+    if (i === 1) {
+      // adds e.g. fm1 as an alias for fm
+      const aliases1 = theseAliases.map((a) => `${a}1`);
+      const names1 = theseNames.map((n) => `${n}1`);
+      theseAliases = theseAliases.concat(aliases1).concat(names1);
+    } else {
+      theseAliases = theseAliases.map((a) => `${a}${i}`);
+      theseNames = theseNames.map((n) => `${n}${i}`);
+    }
+    const subBag = registerControl(theseNames, ...theseAliases);
+    bag = { ...bag, ...subBag };
+  }
+  return bag;
+}
+
 /**
  * Select a sound / sample by name. When using mininotation, you can also optionally supply 'n' and 'gain' parameters
  * separated by ':'.
@@ -435,6 +456,9 @@ export const { attack, att } = registerControl('attack', 'att');
  * Whole numbers and simple ratios sound more natural,
  * while decimal numbers and complex ratios sound metallic.
  *
+ * A number may be added afterwards to control the harmonicity of
+ * any of the 8 individual FMs (e.g. `fmh2`)
+ *
  * @name fmh
  * @param {number | Pattern} harmonicity
  * @example
@@ -444,25 +468,40 @@ export const { attack, att } = registerControl('attack', 'att');
  * ._scope()
  *
  */
-export const { fmh } = registerControl(['fmh', 'fmi'], 'fmh');
+export const { fmh, fmh1, fmh2, fmh3, fmh4, fmh5, fmh6, fmh7, fmh8 } = registerMultiControl(['fmh', 'fmi'], 8, 'fmh');
+
 /**
  * Sets the Frequency Modulation of the synth.
  * Controls the modulation index, which defines the brightness of the sound.
  *
- * @name fm
+ * A number may be added afterwards to control the modulation index of
+ * any of the 8 individual FMs (e.g. `fm3`). Also, FMs may be routed into
+ * each other with matrix commands like `fm13`, which would send `fm1` back into
+ * `fm3`
+ *
+ * @name fmi
  * @param {number | Pattern} brightness modulation index
- * @synonyms fmi
+ * @synonyms fm
  * @example
  * note("c e g b g e")
  * .fm("<0 1 2 8 32>")
  * ._scope()
+ * @example
+ * s("sine").note("F1").seg(8)
+ *  .fm(4).fm2(rand.mul(4)).fm3(saw.mul(8).slow(8))
+ *  .fmh(1.06).fmh2(10).fmh3(0.1)
  *
  */
-export const { fmi, fm } = registerControl(['fmi', 'fmh'], 'fm');
+export const { fmi, fmi1, fmi2, fmi3, fmi4, fmi5, fmi6, fmi7, fmi8, fm, fm1, fm2, fm3, fm4, fm5, fm6, fm7, fm8 } =
+  registerMultiControl(['fmi', 'fmh'], 8, 'fm');
+
 // fm envelope
 /**
  * Ramp type of fm envelope. Exp might be a bit broken..
  *
+ * A number may be added afterwards to control the envelope of
+ * any of the 8 individual FMs (e.g. `fmenv4`)
+ *
  * @name fmenv
  * @param {number | Pattern} type lin | exp
  * @example
@@ -474,11 +513,19 @@ export const { fmi, fm } = registerControl(['fmi', 'fmh'], 'fm');
  * ._scope()
  *
  */
-export const { fmenv } = registerControl('fmenv');
+export const { fmenv, fmenv1, fmenv2, fmenv3, fmenv4, fmenv5, fmenv6, fmenv7, fmenv8 } = registerMultiControl(
+  'fmenv',
+  8,
+);
+
 /**
  * Attack time for the FM envelope: time it takes to reach maximum modulation
  *
+ * A number may be added afterwards to control the attack of the envelope of
+ * any of the 8 individual FMs (e.g. `fmatt5`)
+ *
  * @name fmattack
+ * @synonyms fmatt
  * @param {number | Pattern} time attack time
  * @example
  * note("c e g b g e")
@@ -487,11 +534,33 @@ export const { fmenv } = registerControl('fmenv');
  * ._scope()
  *
  */
-export const { fmattack } = registerControl('fmattack');
+export const {
+  fmattack,
+  fmattack1,
+  fmattack2,
+  fmattack3,
+  fmattack4,
+  fmattack5,
+  fmattack6,
+  fmattack7,
+  fmattack8,
+  fmatt,
+  fmatt1,
+  fmatt2,
+  fmatt3,
+  fmatt4,
+  fmatt5,
+  fmatt6,
+  fmatt7,
+  fmatt8,
+} = registerMultiControl('fmattack', 8, 'fmatt');
 
 /**
  * Waveform of the fm modulator
  *
+ * A number may be added afterwards to control the waveform
+ * any of the 8 individual FMs (e.g. `fmwave6`)
+ *
  * @name fmwave
  * @param {number | Pattern} wave waveform
  * @example
@@ -500,12 +569,19 @@ export const { fmattack } = registerControl('fmattack');
  * n("0 1 2 3".fast(4)).chord("<Dm Am F G>").voicing().s("sawtooth").fmwave("brown").fm(.6)
  *
  */
-export const { fmwave } = registerControl('fmwave');
+export const { fmwave, fmwave1, fmwave2, fmwave3, fmwave4, fmwave5, fmwave6, fmwave7, fmwave8 } = registerMultiControl(
+  'fmwave',
+  8,
+);
 
 /**
  * Decay time for the FM envelope: seconds until the sustain level is reached after the attack phase.
  *
+ * A number may be added afterwards to control the decay of the envelope of
+ * any of the 8 individual FMs (e.g. `fmdec6`)
+ *
  * @name fmdecay
+ * @synonyms fmdec
  * @param {number | Pattern} time decay time
  * @example
  * note("c e g b g e")
@@ -515,11 +591,35 @@ export const { fmwave } = registerControl('fmwave');
  * ._scope()
  *
  */
-export const { fmdecay } = registerControl('fmdecay');
+export const {
+  fmdecay,
+  fmdecay1,
+  fmdecay2,
+  fmdecay3,
+  fmdecay4,
+  fmdecay5,
+  fmdecay6,
+  fmdecay7,
+  fmdecay8,
+  fmdec,
+  fmdec1,
+  fmdec2,
+  fmdec3,
+  fmdec4,
+  fmdec5,
+  fmdec6,
+  fmdec7,
+  fmdec8,
+} = registerMultiControl('fmdecay', 8, 'fmdec');
+
 /**
  * Sustain level for the FM envelope: how much modulation is applied after the decay phase
  *
+ * A number may be added afterwards to control the sustain of the envelope of
+ * any of the 8 individual FMs (e.g. `fmsus7`)
+ *
  * @name fmsustain
+ * @synonyms fmsus
  * @param {number | Pattern} level sustain level
  * @example
  * note("c e g b g e")
@@ -529,10 +629,69 @@ export const { fmdecay } = registerControl('fmdecay');
  * ._scope()
  *
  */
-export const { fmsustain } = registerControl('fmsustain');
+export const {
-// these are not really useful... skipping for now
+  fmsustain,
-export const { fmrelease } = registerControl('fmrelease');
+  fmsustain1,
-export const { fmvelocity } = registerControl('fmvelocity');
+  fmsustain2,
+  fmsustain3,
+  fmsustain4,
+  fmsustain5,
+  fmsustain6,
+  fmsustain7,
+  fmsustain8,
+  fmsus,
+  fmsus1,
+  fmsus2,
+  fmsus3,
+  fmsus4,
+  fmsus5,
+  fmsus6,
+  fmsus7,
+  fmsus8,
+} = registerMultiControl('fmsustain', 8, 'fmsus');
+
+/**
+ * Release time for the FM envelope: how much modulation is applied after the note is released
+ *
+ * A number may be added afterwards to control the release of the envelope of
+ * any of the 8 individual FMs (e.g. `fmrel8`)
+ *
+ * @name fmrelease
+ * @synonyms fmrel
+ * @param {number | Pattern} time release time
+ *
+ */
+export const {
+  fmrelease,
+  fmrelease1,
+  fmrelease2,
+  fmrelease3,
+  fmrelease4,
+  fmrelease5,
+  fmrelease6,
+  fmrelease7,
+  fmrelease8,
+  fmrel,
+  fmrel1,
+  fmrel2,
+  fmrel3,
+  fmrel4,
+  fmrel5,
+  fmrel6,
+  fmrel7,
+  fmrel8,
+} = registerMultiControl('fmrelease', 8, 'fmrel');
+
+// FM Matrix
+// Note: we do not declare top-level exports here since it would add
+// ~162 more explicit exports. This is likely fine as the most common use-case would be to at least
+// declare one other FM prior to utilizing the matrix functionality, but if we ever decide we need it,
+// TODO to add it explicitly / go with the globalThis approach
+for (let i = 0; i <= 8; i++) {
+  for (let j = 0; j <= 8; j++) {
+    registerControl(`fmi${i}${j}`, `fm${i}${j}`);
+  }
+}
 
 /**
  * Select the sound bank to use. To be used together with `s`. The bank name (+ "_") will be prepended to the value of `s`.

packages/soundfonts/fontloader.mjs

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import {
   getADSRValues,
   getPitchEnvelope,
   getVibratoOscillator,
+  onceEnded,
 } from '@strudel/webaudio';
 import gm from './gm.mjs';
 
@@ -170,12 +171,12 @@ export function registerSoundfonts() {
 
         bufferSource.stop(envEnd);
         const stop = (releaseTime) => {};
-        bufferSource.onended = () => {
+        onceEnded(bufferSource, () => {
           bufferSource.disconnect();
           vibratoOscillator?.stop();
           node.disconnect();
           onended();
-        };
+        });
         return { node, stop };
       },
       { type: 'soundfont', prebake: true, fonts },

packages/superdough/audioContext.mjs

@@ -1,3 +1,12 @@
+/*
+audioContext.mjs - Audio Context manager
+
+Sets up a common and accessible audio context for all superdough operations
+
+Copyright (C) 2025 Strudel contributors - see <https://codeberg.org/uzu/strudel/src/branch/main/packages/superdough/audiocontext.mjs>
+This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU Affero General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+
 let audioContext;
 
 export const setDefaultAudioContext = () => {

packages/superdough/helpers.mjs

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 import { getAudioContext } from './audioContext.mjs';
-import { clamp, nanFallback, midiToFreq, noteToMidi } from './util.mjs';
-import { getNoiseBuffer } from './noise.mjs';
 import { logger } from './logger.mjs';
+import { getNoiseBuffer } from './noise.mjs';
+import { getNodeFromPool, markWorkletAsDead } from './nodePools.mjs';
+import { clamp, nanFallback, midiToFreq, noteToMidi } from './util.mjs';
 
 export const noises = ['pink', 'white', 'brown', 'crackle'];
 
@@ -36,6 +37,16 @@ export function getWorklet(ac, processor, params, config) {
   return node;
 }
 
+export function getPooledWorklet(ac, processor, params, constructorOptions, reInitOptions) {
+  const node = getNodeFromPool(processor, () => new AudioWorkletNode(ac, processor, constructorOptions), params);
+  node.port.postMessage({ type: 'initialize', payload: reInitOptions });
+  node.port.onmessage = (e) => {
+    if (e.data.type === 'died') markWorkletAsDead(node);
+    node.port.onmessage = null;
+  };
+  return node;
+}
+
 export const getParamADSR = (
   param,
   attack,
@@ -124,10 +135,11 @@ export function getLfo(audioContext, begin, end, properties = {}) {
     ...props,
   };
 
-  return getWorklet(audioContext, 'lfo-processor', lfoprops);
+  return getPooledWorklet(audioContext, 'lfo-processor', lfoprops);
 }
 
 export function getCompressor(ac, threshold, ratio, knee, attack, release) {
+  const node = getNodeFromPool('compressor', () => new DynamicsCompressorNode(ac, {}));
   const options = {
     threshold: threshold ?? -3,
     ratio: ratio ?? 10,
@@ -135,7 +147,11 @@ export function getCompressor(ac, threshold, ratio, knee, attack, release) {
     attack: attack ?? 0.005,
     release: release ?? 0.05,
   };
-  return new DynamicsCompressorNode(ac, options);
+  const now = ac.currentTime;
+  Object.entries(options).forEach(([key, value]) => {
+    node[key].setValueAtTime(value, now);
+  });
+  return node;
 }
 
 // changes the default values of the envelope based on what parameters the user has defined
@@ -211,13 +227,16 @@ export function createFilter(context, start, end, params, cps, cycle) {
 
   let frequencyParam, filter;
   if (model === 'ladder') {
-    filter = getWorklet(context, 'ladder-processor', { frequency, q, drive });
+    filter = getPooledWorklet(context, 'ladder-processor', { frequency, q, drive });
     frequencyParam = filter.parameters.get('frequency');
   } else {
-    filter = context.createBiquadFilter();
+    const factory = () => context.createBiquadFilter();
+    filter = getNodeFromPool('filter', factory);
     filter.type = type;
-    filter.Q.value = q;
+    const now = context.currentTime;
-    filter.frequency.value = frequency;
+    Object.entries({ Q: q, frequency }).forEach(([key, value]) => {
+      filter[key].setValueAtTime(value, now);
+    });
     frequencyParam = filter.frequency;
   }
   const envelopeValues = [params.attack, params.decay, params.sustain, params.release];
@@ -349,25 +368,17 @@ export function webAudioTimeout(audioContext, onComplete, startTime, stopTime) {
   constantNode.connect(zeroGain);
 
   // Schedule the `onComplete` callback to occur at `stopTime`
-  constantNode.onended = () => {
+  onceEnded(constantNode, () => {
-    // Ensure garbage collection
+    releaseAudioNode(zeroGain);
-    try {
+    releaseAudioNode(constantNode);
-      zeroGain.disconnect();
-    } catch {
-      // pass
-    }
-    try {
-      constantNode.disconnect();
-    } catch {
-      // pass
-    }
     onComplete();
-  };
+  });
   constantNode.start(startTime);
   constantNode.stop(stopTime);
   return constantNode;
 }
-const mod = (freq, range = 1, type = 'sine') => {
+
+const mod = (freq, type = 'sine') => {
   const ctx = getAudioContext();
   let osc;
   if (noises.includes(type)) {
@@ -379,69 +390,89 @@ const mod = (freq, range = 1, type = 'sine') => {
     osc.type = type;
     osc.frequency.value = freq;
   }
-
   osc.start();
-  const g = gainNode(range);
+  return osc;
-  osc.connect(g); // -range, range
-  return { node: g, stop: (t) => osc.stop(t), osc: osc };
 };
-const fm = (frequencyparam, harmonicityRatio, modulationIndex, wave = 'sine') => {
+
+const fm = (frequencyparam, harmonicityRatio, wave = 'sine') => {
   const carrfreq = frequencyparam.value;
   const modfreq = carrfreq * harmonicityRatio;
-  const modgain = modfreq * modulationIndex;
+  return { osc: mod(modfreq, wave), freq: modfreq };
-  return mod(modfreq, modgain, wave);
 };
+
 export function applyFM(param, value, begin) {
-  const {
+  const ac = getAudioContext();
-    fmh: fmHarmonicity = 1,
+  const toStop = []; // fm oscillators we will expose `stop` for
-    fmi: fmModulationIndex,
+  const fms = {};
-    fmenv: fmEnvelopeType = 'exp',
+  // Matrix
-    fmattack: fmAttack,
+  for (let i = 1; i <= 8; i++) {
-    fmdecay: fmDecay,
+    for (let j = 0; j <= 8; j++) {
-    fmsustain: fmSustain,
+      let control;
-    fmrelease: fmRelease,
+      if (i === j + 1) {
-    fmvelocity: fmVelocity,
+        // Standard fm3 -> fm2 -> fm1 -> param usage
-    fmwave: fmWaveform = 'sine',
+        const iS = i === 1 ? '' : i;
-    duration,
+        control = `fmi${iS}`;
-  } = value;
+      } else {
-  let modulator;
+        control = `fmi${i}${j}`;
-  let stop = () => {};
+      }
-
+      const amt = value[control];
-  if (fmModulationIndex) {
+      if (!amt) continue;
-    const ac = getAudioContext();
+      let io = [];
-    const envGain = ac.createGain();
+      for (let [isMod, idx] of [
-    const fmmod = fm(param, fmHarmonicity, fmModulationIndex, fmWaveform);
+        [true, i], // source
-
+        [false, j], // target
-    modulator = fmmod.node;
+      ]) {
-    stop = fmmod.stop;
+        if (idx === 0) {
-    if (![fmAttack, fmDecay, fmSustain, fmRelease, fmVelocity].some((v) => v !== undefined)) {
+          io.push(param);
-      // no envelope by default
+          continue;
-      modulator.connect(param);
+        }
-    } else {
+        if (!fms[idx]) {
-      const [attack, decay, sustain, release] = getADSRValues([fmAttack, fmDecay, fmSustain, fmRelease]);
+          const idxS = idx === 1 ? '' : idx;
-      const holdEnd = begin + duration;
+          const { osc, freq } = fm(param, value[`fmh${idxS}`] ?? 1, value[`fmwave${idxS}`] ?? 'sine');
-      getParamADSR(
+          toStop.push(osc);
-        envGain.gain,
+          const toCleanup = [osc]; // nodes we want to cleanup after oscillator `stop`
-        attack,
+          const adsr = ['attack', 'decay', 'sustain', 'release'].map((s) => value[`fm${s}${idxS}`]);
-        decay,
+          let output = osc;
-        sustain,
+          if (adsr.some((v) => v !== undefined)) {
-        release,
+            const envGain = ac.createGain();
-        0,
+            const [attack, decay, sustain, release] = getADSRValues(adsr);
-        1,
+            const holdEnd = begin + value.duration;
-        begin,
+            const fmEnvelopeType = value[`fmenv${idxS}`] ?? 'exp';
-        holdEnd,
+            getParamADSR(
-        fmEnvelopeType === 'exp' ? 'exponential' : 'linear',
+              envGain.gain,
-      );
+              attack,
-      modulator.connect(envGain);
+              decay,
-      envGain.connect(param);
+              sustain,
+              release,
+              0,
+              1,
+              begin,
+              holdEnd,
+              fmEnvelopeType === 'exp' ? 'exponential' : 'linear',
+            );
+            toCleanup.push(envGain);
+            output = osc.connect(envGain);
+          }
+          fms[idx] = { input: osc.frequency, output, freq, osc, toCleanup };
+        }
+        const { input, output, freq, osc, toCleanup } = fms[idx];
+        const g = gainNode(amt * freq);
+        io.push(isMod ? output.connect(g) : input);
+        cleanupOnEnd(osc, [...toCleanup, g]);
+      }
+      if (!io[1]) {
+        logger(
+          `[superdough] control ${control} failed to connect FM ${i} to target ${j} due to missing frequency parameter (likely because fm${j} is noise)`,
+          'warning',
+        );
+        continue;
+      }
+      io[0].connect(io[1]);
     }
-    fmmod.osc.onended = () => {
-      envGain.disconnect();
-      modulator.disconnect();
-      fmmod.osc.disconnect();
-    };
   }
-  return { stop };
+  return {
+    stop: (t) => toStop.forEach((m) => m?.stop(t)),
+  };
 }
 
 // Saturation curves
@@ -536,8 +567,9 @@ export const getDistortionAlgorithm = (algo) => {
   return distortionAlgorithms[name];
 };
 
-export const getDistortion = (distort, postgain, algorithm) => {
+export const getDistortion = (fullParams) => {
-  return getWorklet(getAudioContext(), 'distort-processor', { distort, postgain }, { processorOptions: { algorithm } });
+  const { algorithm, ...params } = fullParams;
+  return getPooledWorklet(getAudioContext(), 'distort-processor', params, {}, { algorithm });
 };
 
 export const getFrequencyFromValue = (value, defaultNote = 36) => {
@@ -554,10 +586,58 @@ export const getFrequencyFromValue = (value, defaultNote = 36) => {
   return Number(freq);
 };
 
-export const destroyAudioWorkletNode = (node) => {
+// This helper should be used instead of the `node.onended = callback` pattern
-  if (node == null) {
+// It adds a mechanism to help minimize gc retention
-    return;
+export const onceEnded = (node, callback) => {
-  }
+  const onended = callback;
-  node.disconnect();
+  node.onended = function cleanup() {
-  node.parameters.get('end')?.setValueAtTime(0, 0);
+    onended && onended();
+    this.onended = null;
+  };
+};
+
+export const releaseAudioNode = (node) => {
+  if (node == null) return;
+
+  // check we received an AudioNode
+  if (!(node instanceof AudioNode)) {
+    throw new Error('releaseAudioNode can only release an AudioNode');
+  }
+
+  // https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/AudioNode/disconnect
+  node.disconnect();
+
+  // make sure all AudioScheduledSourceNodes are in a stopped state
+  // https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/AudioScheduledSourceNode
+  if (node instanceof AudioScheduledSourceNode) {
+    if (node.onended && node.onended.name !== 'cleanup') {
+      logger(
+        `[superdough] Deprecation warning: it seems your code path is setting 'node.onended = callback' instead of using the onceEnded helper`,
+      );
+    }
+    try {
+      node.stop();
+    } catch (e) {
+      // At the stage, `start` was not called on the node
+      // but an `onended` callback releasing resources may exist
+      // and we want it to fire :
+      // - we force a start/stop cycle so that `onended` gets called
+      // - we `lock` the node so that no-one can start it
+      node.start(node.context.currentTime + 5); // will never happen
+      node.stop();
+    }
+  }
+
+  // https://www.w3.org/TR/webaudio-1.1/#AudioNode-actively-processing
+  // An AudioWorkletNode is actively processing when its AudioWorkletProcessor's [[callable process]]
+  // returns true and either its active source flag is true or
+  // any AudioNode connected to one of its inputs is actively processing.
+  if (node instanceof AudioWorkletNode) {
+    node.parameters.get('end')?.setValueAtTime(0, 0);
+  }
+};
+
+// Once the `anchor` node has ended, release all nodes in `toCleanup`
+export const cleanupOnEnd = (anchor, toCleanup) => {
+  onceEnded(anchor, () => toCleanup.forEach((n) => releaseAudioNode(n)));
 };

packages/superdough/nodePools.mjs

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/*
+nodePools.mjs - Helper functions related to pooling and re-using audio nodes
+
+Copyright (C) 2025 Strudel contributors - see <https://codeberg.org/uzu/strudel/src/branch/main/packages/superdough/nodePools.mjs>
+This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU Affero General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+
+const nodePools = new Map();
+const POOL_KEY = Symbol('nodePoolKey');
+const IS_WORKLET_DEAD = Symbol('nodePoolIsWorkletDead');
+const MAX_POOL_SIZE = 64;
+
+export const isPoolable = (node) => !!node[POOL_KEY];
+
+export const releaseNodeToPool = (node) => {
+  node.disconnect();
+  if (node instanceof AudioScheduledSourceNode) {
+    // not reusable
+    return;
+  }
+  if (node[IS_WORKLET_DEAD]) {
+    // Worklet already terminated, don't pool it
+    return;
+  }
+  const key = node[POOL_KEY];
+  if (key == null) return;
+  const pool = nodePools.get(key) ?? [];
+  if (pool.length < MAX_POOL_SIZE) {
+    pool.push(new WeakRef(node));
+    nodePools.set(key, pool);
+  }
+};
+
+export const markWorkletAsDead = (worklet) => (worklet[IS_WORKLET_DEAD] = true);
+
+// Attempt to get node from the pool. If this fails, fall back
+// to building it with the factory
+export const getNodeFromPool = (key, factory, params = {}) => {
+  const pool = nodePools.get(key) ?? [];
+  let node;
+  while (pool.length) {
+    const ref = pool.pop();
+    node = ref?.deref();
+    if (node != null && !node[IS_WORKLET_DEAD]) break;
+  }
+  if (node == null || node[IS_WORKLET_DEAD]) {
+    node = factory();
+  }
+  node[POOL_KEY] = key;
+  const paramMap = new Map();
+  if (node instanceof AudioWorkletNode) {
+    for (const [name, param] of node.parameters.entries()) {
+      paramMap.set(name, param);
+    }
+  } else {
+    for (const name of Object.getOwnPropertyNames(node)) {
+      const value = node[name];
+      if (value instanceof AudioParam) {
+        paramMap.set(name, value);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  const now = node.context?.currentTime ?? 0;
+  paramMap.forEach((param, name) => {
+    param.cancelScheduledValues(now);
+    // Set values from `params` or restore defaults
+    const target = params[name] !== undefined ? params[name] : param.defaultValue;
+    param.setValueAtTime(target, now);
+  });
+  return node;
+};

packages/superdough/ola-processor.js

@@ -1,22 +1,23 @@
 'use strict';
 
+import { makeReusable } from './worklets-common.mjs';
+
 // sourced from https://github.com/olvb/phaze/tree/master?tab=readme-ov-file
 const WEBAUDIO_BLOCK_SIZE = 128;
 
 /** Overlap-Add Node */
-class OLAProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
+class OLAProcessor extends makeReusable(AudioWorkletProcessor) {
   constructor(options) {
     super(options);
-    this.started = false;
     this.nbInputs = options.numberOfInputs;
     this.nbOutputs = options.numberOfOutputs;
-
     this.blockSize = options.processorOptions.blockSize;
     // TODO for now, the only support hop size is the size of a web audio block
     this.hopSize = WEBAUDIO_BLOCK_SIZE;
-
     this.nbOverlaps = this.blockSize / this.hopSize;
+  }
 
+  initialize() {
     // pre-allocate input buffers (will be reallocated if needed)
     this.inputBuffers = new Array(this.nbInputs);
     this.inputBuffersHead = new Array(this.nbInputs);
@@ -54,7 +55,6 @@ class OLAProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
 
   allocateInputChannels(inputIndex, nbChannels) {
     // allocate input buffers
-
     this.inputBuffers[inputIndex] = new Array(nbChannels);
     for (let i = 0; i < nbChannels; i++) {
       this.inputBuffers[inputIndex][i] = new Float32Array(this.blockSize + WEBAUDIO_BLOCK_SIZE);
@@ -157,15 +157,8 @@ class OLAProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
     }
   }
 
-  process(inputs, outputs, params) {
+  processActive(inputs, outputs, params) {
-    const input = inputs[0];
-    const hasInput = !(input[0] === undefined);
-    if (this.started && !hasInput) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    this.started = hasInput;
     this.reallocateChannelsIfNeeded(inputs, outputs);
-
     this.readInputs(inputs);
     this.shiftInputBuffers();
     this.prepareInputBuffersToSend();
@@ -173,7 +166,6 @@ class OLAProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
     this.handleOutputBuffersToRetrieve();
     this.writeOutputs(outputs);
     this.shiftOutputBuffers();
-
     return true;
   }
 

packages/superdough/sampler.mjs

@@ -1,7 +1,14 @@
 import { getBaseURL, getCommonSampleInfo } from './util.mjs';
 import { registerSound, registerWaveTable } from './index.mjs';
 import { getAudioContext } from './audioContext.mjs';
-import { getADSRValues, getParamADSR, getPitchEnvelope, getVibratoOscillator } from './helpers.mjs';
+import {
+  getADSRValues,
+  getParamADSR,
+  getPitchEnvelope,
+  getVibratoOscillator,
+  onceEnded,
+  releaseAudioNode,
+} from './helpers.mjs';
 import { logger } from './logger.mjs';
 
 const bufferCache = {}; // string: Promise<ArrayBuffer>
@@ -286,17 +293,19 @@ export async function onTriggerSample(t, value, onended, bank, resolveUrl) {
 
   const { bufferSource, sliceDuration, offset } = await getSampleBufferSource(value, bank, resolveUrl);
 
-  // asny stuff above took too long?
-  if (ac.currentTime > t) {
-    logger(`[sampler] still loading sound "${s}:${n}"`, 'highlight');
-    // console.warn('sample still loading:', s, n);
-    return;
-  }
   if (!bufferSource) {
     logger(`[sampler] could not load "${s}:${n}"`, 'error');
     return;
   }
 
+  // async stuff above took too long?
+  if (ac.currentTime > t) {
+    logger(`[sampler] loading sound "${s}:${n}" took too long`, 'highlight');
+    // AudioBufferSourceNode will never be used. discard it
+    releaseAudioNode(bufferSource);
+    return;
+  }
+
   // vibrato
   let vibratoOscillator = getVibratoOscillator(bufferSource.detune, value, t);
 
@@ -319,13 +328,13 @@ export async function onTriggerSample(t, value, onended, bank, resolveUrl) {
 
   const out = ac.createGain(); // we need a separate gain for the cutgroups because firefox...
   node.connect(out);
-  bufferSource.onended = function () {
+  onceEnded(bufferSource, function () {
     bufferSource.disconnect();
     vibratoOscillator?.stop();
     node.disconnect();
     out.disconnect();
     onended();
-  };
+  });
   let envEnd = holdEnd + release + 0.01;
   bufferSource.stop(envEnd);
   const stop = (endTime) => {

packages/superdough/superdough.mjs

@@ -9,7 +9,16 @@ import './reverb.mjs';
 import './vowel.mjs';
 import { nanFallback, _mod, cycleToSeconds, pickAndRename } from './util.mjs';
 import workletsUrl from './worklets.mjs?audioworklet';
-import { createFilter, gainNode, getCompressor, getDistortion, getLfo, getWorklet, effectSend } from './helpers.mjs';
+import {
+  createFilter,
+  effectSend,
+  gainNode,
+  getCompressor,
+  getDistortion,
+  getLfo,
+  getPooledWorklet,
+} from './helpers.mjs';
+import { getNodeFromPool, isPoolable, releaseNodeToPool } from './nodePools.mjs';
 import { map } from 'nanostores';
 import { logger } from './logger.mjs';
 import { loadBuffer } from './sampler.mjs';
@@ -274,7 +283,7 @@ export async function initAudioOnFirstClick(options) {
 }
 
 let controller;
-function getSuperdoughAudioController() {
+export function getSuperdoughAudioController() {
   if (controller == null) {
     controller = new SuperdoughAudioController(getAudioContext());
   }
@@ -294,7 +303,7 @@ function getPhaser(time, end, frequency = 1, depth = 0.5, centerFrequency = 1000
   let fOffset = 0;
   const filterChain = [];
   for (let i = 0; i < numStages; i++) {
-    const filter = ac.createBiquadFilter();
+    const filter = getNodeFromPool('filter', () => ac.createBiquadFilter());
     filter.type = 'notch';
     filter.gain.value = 1;
     filter.frequency.value = centerFrequency + fOffset;
@@ -506,7 +515,7 @@ export const superdough = async (value, t, hapDuration, cps = 0.5, cycle = 0.5)
   } else if (getSound(s)) {
     const { onTrigger } = getSound(s);
     const onEnded = () => {
-      audioNodes.forEach((n) => n?.disconnect());
+      audioNodes.forEach((n) => (isPoolable(n) ? releaseNodeToPool(n) : n?.disconnect()));
       activeSoundSources.delete(chainID);
     };
     const soundHandle = await onTrigger(t, value, onEnded, cps);
@@ -530,7 +539,10 @@ export const superdough = async (value, t, hapDuration, cps = 0.5, cycle = 0.5)
   }
   const chain = []; // audio nodes that will be connected to each other sequentially
   chain.push(sourceNode);
-  stretch !== undefined && chain.push(getWorklet(ac, 'phase-vocoder-processor', { pitchFactor: stretch }));
+  stretch !== undefined &&
+    chain.push(
+      getPooledWorklet(ac, 'phase-vocoder-processor', { pitchFactor: stretch, begin: t, end: endWithRelease }),
+    );
 
   // gain stage
   chain.push(gainNode(gain));
@@ -643,10 +655,13 @@ export const superdough = async (value, t, hapDuration, cps = 0.5, cycle = 0.5)
   }
 
   // effects
-  coarse !== undefined && chain.push(getWorklet(ac, 'coarse-processor', { coarse }));
+  coarse !== undefined &&
-  crush !== undefined && chain.push(getWorklet(ac, 'crush-processor', { crush }));
+    chain.push(getPooledWorklet(ac, 'coarse-processor', { coarse, begin: t, end: endWithRelease }));
-  shape !== undefined && chain.push(getWorklet(ac, 'shape-processor', { shape, postgain: shapevol }));
+  crush !== undefined && chain.push(getPooledWorklet(ac, 'crush-processor', { crush, begin: t, end: endWithRelease }));
-  distort !== undefined && chain.push(getDistortion(distort, distortvol, distorttype));
+  shape !== undefined &&
+    chain.push(getPooledWorklet(ac, 'shape-processor', { shape, postgain: shapevol, begin: t, end: endWithRelease }));
+  distort !== undefined &&
+    chain.push(getDistortion({ distort, postgain: distortvol, algorithm: distorttype, begin: t, end: endWithRelease }));
 
   if (tremolosync != null) {
     tremolo = cps * tremolosync;

packages/superdough/superdoughoutput.mjs

@@ -1,3 +1,12 @@
+/*
+superdoughoutput.mjs - Output controller for superdough
+
+Handles setting up and mixing to the outputs as well as all global (orbit) effects
+
+Copyright (C) 2025 Strudel contributors - see <https://codeberg.org/uzu/strudel/src/branch/main/packages/superdough/superdoughoutput.mjs>
+This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU Affero General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+
 import { effectSend, getWorklet, webAudioTimeout } from './helpers.mjs';
 import { errorLogger } from './logger.mjs';
 import { clamp } from './util.mjs';

packages/superdough/synth.mjs

@@ -3,20 +3,21 @@ import { registerSound, soundMap } from './superdough.mjs';
 import { getAudioContext } from './audioContext.mjs';
 import {
   applyFM,
-  destroyAudioWorkletNode,
   gainNode,
   getADSRValues,
   getFrequencyFromValue,
   getLfo,
   getParamADSR,
   getPitchEnvelope,
+  getPooledWorklet,
   getVibratoOscillator,
-  getWorklet,
   noises,
+  releaseAudioNode,
   webAudioTimeout,
 } from './helpers.mjs';
 import { logger } from './logger.mjs';
 import { getNoiseMix, getNoiseOscillator } from './noise.mjs';
+import { releaseNodeToPool } from './nodePools.mjs';
 
 const waveforms = ['triangle', 'square', 'sawtooth', 'sine', 'user'];
 const waveformAliases = [
@@ -164,22 +165,14 @@ export function registerSynthSounds() {
       const end = holdend + release + 0.01;
       const voices = clamp(unison, 1, 100);
       let panspread = voices > 1 ? clamp(spread, 0, 1) : 0;
-      let o = getWorklet(
+      const params = {
-        ac,
+        frequency,
-        'supersaw-oscillator',
+        begin,
-        {
+        end,
-          frequency,
+        freqspread: detune,
-          begin,
+        panspread,
-          end,
+      };
-          freqspread: detune,
+      const o = getPooledWorklet(ac, 'supersaw-oscillator', params, { outputChannelCount: [2] }, { voices });
-          voices,
-          panspread,
-        },
-        {
-          outputChannelCount: [2],
-        },
-      );
-
       const gainAdjustment = 1 / Math.sqrt(voices);
       getPitchEnvelope(o.parameters.get('detune'), value, begin, holdend);
       const vibratoOscillator = getVibratoOscillator(o.parameters.get('detune'), value, begin);
@@ -192,8 +185,7 @@ export function registerSynthSounds() {
       let timeoutNode = webAudioTimeout(
         ac,
         () => {
-          destroyAudioWorkletNode(o);
+          releaseNodeToPool(o);
-          envGain.disconnect();
           onended();
           fm?.stop();
           vibratoOscillator?.stop();
@@ -247,7 +239,7 @@ export function registerSynthSounds() {
       const holdend = begin + duration;
       const end = holdend + release + 0.01;
 
-      let o = getWorklet(
+      let o = getPooledWorklet(
         ac,
         'byte-beat-processor',
         {
@@ -270,8 +262,7 @@ export function registerSynthSounds() {
       let timeoutNode = webAudioTimeout(
         ac,
         () => {
-          destroyAudioWorkletNode(o);
+          releaseAudioNode(o);
-          envGain.disconnect();
           onended();
         },
         begin,
@@ -315,7 +306,7 @@ export function registerSynthSounds() {
       );
       const holdend = begin + duration;
       const end = holdend + release + 0.01;
-      let o = getWorklet(
+      let o = getPooledWorklet(
         ac,
         'pulse-oscillator',
         {
@@ -344,9 +335,8 @@ export function registerSynthSounds() {
       let timeoutNode = webAudioTimeout(
         ac,
         () => {
-          destroyAudioWorkletNode(o);
+          releaseAudioNode(o);
-          destroyAudioWorkletNode(lfo);
+          releaseAudioNode(lfo);
-          envGain.disconnect();
           onended();
           fm?.stop();
           vibratoOscillator?.stop();

packages/superdough/wavetable.mjs

@@ -3,15 +3,15 @@ import { getBaseURL, getCommonSampleInfo } from './util.mjs';
 import {
   applyFM,
   applyParameterModulators,
-  destroyAudioWorkletNode,
   getADSRValues,
   getFrequencyFromValue,
   getParamADSR,
   getPitchEnvelope,
+  getPooledWorklet,
   getVibratoOscillator,
-  getWorklet,
   webAudioTimeout,
 } from './helpers.mjs';
+import { releaseNodeToPool } from './nodePools.mjs';
 import { logger } from './logger.mjs';
 
 export const Warpmode = Object.freeze({
@@ -225,24 +225,19 @@ export async function onTriggerSynth(t, value, onended, tables, cps, frameLen) {
   }
   const endWithRelease = holdEnd + release;
   const envEnd = endWithRelease + 0.01;
-  const source = getWorklet(
+  payload.voices = Math.max(value.unison ?? 1, 1);
-    ac,
+  const params = {
-    'wavetable-oscillator-processor',
+    begin: t,
-    {
+    end: envEnd,
-      begin: t,
+    frequency,
-      end: envEnd,
+    freqspread: value.detune,
-      frequency,
+    position: value.wt,
-      freqspread: value.detune,
+    warp: value.warp,
-      position: value.wt,
+    warpMode: warpmode,
-      warp: value.warp,
+    panspread: value.spread,
-      warpMode: warpmode,
+    phaserand: (value.wtphaserand ?? value.unison > 1) ? 1 : 0,
-      voices: Math.max(value.unison ?? 1, 1),
+  };
-      panspread: value.spread,
+  const source = getPooledWorklet(ac, 'wavetable-oscillator-processor', params, { outputChannelCount: [2] }, payload);
-      phaserand: (value.wtphaserand ?? value.unison > 1) ? 1 : 0,
-    },
-    { outputChannelCount: [2] },
-  );
-  source.port.postMessage({ type: 'table', payload });
   if (ac.currentTime > t) {
     logger(`[wavetable] still loading sound "${s}:${n}"`, 'highlight');
     return;
@@ -319,10 +314,9 @@ export async function onTriggerSynth(t, value, onended, tables, cps, frameLen) {
   const timeoutNode = webAudioTimeout(
     ac,
     () => {
-      destroyAudioWorkletNode(source);
+      releaseNodeToPool(source);
       vibratoOscillator?.stop();
       fm?.stop();
-      node.disconnect();
       wtPosModulators?.disconnect();
       wtWarpModulators?.disconnect();
       onended();

packages/superdough/worklets-common.mjs

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/*
+worklets-common.mjs - Common worklet code
+
+Copyright (C) 2025 Strudel contributors - see <https://codeberg.org/uzu/strudel/src/branch/main/packages/superdough/worklets-common.mjs>
+This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU Affero General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+
+// Mixin to make class "reusable" (i.e. have a begin and end and properly handle `initialize` messages)
+export const makeReusable = (Base) =>
+  class extends Base {
+    static get parameterDescriptors() {
+      return [
+        ...(super.parameterDescriptors ?? []),
+        {
+          name: 'begin',
+          defaultValue: 0,
+          min: 0,
+          max: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
+          automationRate: 'k-rate',
+        },
+        {
+          name: 'end',
+          defaultValue: 0,
+          min: 0,
+          max: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
+          automationRate: 'k-rate',
+        },
+      ];
+    }
+
+    constructor(options) {
+      super(options);
+      this.isAlive = true;
+      this.graceSeconds = options?.processorOptions?.graceSeconds ?? 0.5;
+
+      this.port.onmessage = (e) => {
+        const { type, payload } = e.data || {};
+        if (type === 'initialize') {
+          this.initialize(payload);
+        } else if (this.handlePortMessage) {
+          this.handlePortMessage(type, payload, e);
+        }
+      };
+    }
+
+    initialize(_options) {
+      // defined on subclasses
+    }
+
+    processActive(_inputs, _outputs, _params) {
+      // processing subclasses should do when we're between begin/end
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    process(inputs, outputs, params) {
+      const begin = params.begin[0];
+      const end = params.end[0];
+      if (currentTime >= end + this.graceSeconds) {
+        if (this.isAlive) {
+          this.port.postMessage({ type: 'died' });
+          this.isAlive = false;
+        }
+        return false;
+      }
+      if (currentTime < begin || currentTime >= end) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      return this.processActive(inputs, outputs, params);
+    }
+  };

packages/superdough/worklets.mjs

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 // coarse, crush, and shape processors adapted from dktr0's webdirt: https://github.com/dktr0/WebDirt/blob/5ce3d698362c54d6e1b68acc47eb2955ac62c793/dist/AudioWorklets.js
 // LICENSE GNU General Public License v3.0 see https://github.com/dktr0/WebDirt/blob/main/LICENSE
-// TOFIX: THIS FILE DOES NOT SUPPORT IMPORTS ON DEPOLYMENT
+// TOFIX: THIS FILE DOES NOT SUPPORT IMPORTS ON DEPLOYMENT
 
 import OLAProcessor from './ola-processor';
 import FFT from './fft.js';
 import { getDistortionAlgorithm } from './helpers.mjs';
+import { makeReusable } from './worklets-common.mjs';
 
 const blockSize = 128;
 const PI = Math.PI;
@@ -108,12 +109,12 @@ const waveshapes = {
 };
 
 const waveShapeNames = Object.keys(waveshapes);
-class LFOProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
+
+class LFOProcessor extends makeReusable(AudioWorkletProcessor) {
   static get parameterDescriptors() {
     return [
-      { name: 'begin', defaultValue: 0 },
+      ...super.parameterDescriptors,
       { name: 'time', defaultValue: 0 },
-      { name: 'end', defaultValue: 0 },
       { name: 'frequency', defaultValue: 0.5 },
       { name: 'skew', defaultValue: 0.5 },
       { name: 'depth', defaultValue: 1 },
@@ -126,9 +127,8 @@ class LFOProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
     ];
   }
 
-  constructor() {
+  initialize() {
-    super();
+    this.phase = null;
-    this.phase;
   }
 
   incrementPhase(dt) {
@@ -138,15 +138,7 @@ class LFOProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
     }
   }
 
-  process(_inputs, outputs, parameters) {
+  processActive(_inputs, outputs, parameters) {
-    const begin = parameters['begin'][0];
-    if (currentTime >= parameters.end[0]) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    if (currentTime <= begin) {
-      return true;
-    }
-
     const output = outputs[0];
     const frequency = parameters['frequency'][0];
 
@@ -182,26 +174,14 @@ class LFOProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
 }
 registerProcessor('lfo-processor', LFOProcessor);
 
-class CoarseProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
+class CoarseProcessor extends makeReusable(AudioWorkletProcessor) {
   static get parameterDescriptors() {
-    return [{ name: 'coarse', defaultValue: 1 }];
+    return [...super.parameterDescriptors, { name: 'coarse', defaultValue: 1 }];
   }
 
-  constructor() {
+  processActive(inputs, outputs, parameters) {
-    super();
-    this.started = false;
-  }
-
-  process(inputs, outputs, parameters) {
     const input = inputs[0];
     const output = outputs[0];
-
-    const hasInput = !(input[0] === undefined);
-    if (this.started && !hasInput) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    this.started = hasInput;
-
     let coarse = parameters.coarse[0] ?? 0;
     coarse = Math.max(1, coarse);
     for (let n = 0; n < blockSize; n++) {
@@ -214,26 +194,14 @@ class CoarseProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
 }
 registerProcessor('coarse-processor', CoarseProcessor);
 
-class CrushProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
+class CrushProcessor extends makeReusable(AudioWorkletProcessor) {
   static get parameterDescriptors() {
-    return [{ name: 'crush', defaultValue: 0 }];
+    return [...super.parameterDescriptors, { name: 'crush', defaultValue: 0 }];
   }
 
-  constructor() {
+  processActive(inputs, outputs, parameters) {
-    super();
-    this.started = false;
-  }
-
-  process(inputs, outputs, parameters) {
     const input = inputs[0];
     const output = outputs[0];
-
-    const hasInput = !(input[0] === undefined);
-    if (this.started && !hasInput) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    this.started = hasInput;
-
     let crush = parameters.crush[0] ?? 8;
     crush = Math.max(1, crush);
 
@@ -248,29 +216,14 @@ class CrushProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
 }
 registerProcessor('crush-processor', CrushProcessor);
 
-class ShapeProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
+class ShapeProcessor extends makeReusable(AudioWorkletProcessor) {
   static get parameterDescriptors() {
-    return [
+    return [...super.parameterDescriptors, { name: 'shape', defaultValue: 0 }, { name: 'postgain', defaultValue: 1 }];
-      { name: 'shape', defaultValue: 0 },
-      { name: 'postgain', defaultValue: 1 },
-    ];
   }
 
-  constructor() {
+  processActive(inputs, outputs, parameters) {
-    super();
-    this.started = false;
-  }
-
-  process(inputs, outputs, parameters) {
     const input = inputs[0];
     const output = outputs[0];
-
-    const hasInput = !(input[0] === undefined);
-    if (this.started && !hasInput) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    this.started = hasInput;
-
     let shape = parameters.shape[0];
     shape = shape < 1 ? shape : 1.0 - 4e-10;
     shape = (2.0 * shape) / (1.0 - shape);
@@ -354,17 +307,17 @@ class DJFProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
 registerProcessor('djf-processor', DJFProcessor);
 
 //adapted from https://github.com/TheBouteillacBear/webaudioworklet-wasm?tab=MIT-1-ov-file
-class LadderProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
+class LadderProcessor extends makeReusable(AudioWorkletProcessor) {
   static get parameterDescriptors() {
     return [
+      ...super.parameterDescriptors,
       { name: 'frequency', defaultValue: 500 },
       { name: 'q', defaultValue: 1 },
       { name: 'drive', defaultValue: 0.69 },
     ];
   }
 
-  constructor() {
+  initialize(_options) {
-    super();
     this.started = false;
     this.p0 = [0, 0];
     this.p1 = [0, 0];
@@ -375,17 +328,9 @@ class LadderProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
     this.p34 = [0, 0];
   }
 
-  process(inputs, outputs, parameters) {
+  processActive(inputs, outputs, parameters) {
     const input = inputs[0];
     const output = outputs[0];
-
-    const hasInput = !(input[0] === undefined);
-    if (this.started && !hasInput) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    this.started = hasInput;
-
     const resonance = parameters.q[0];
     const drive = clamp(Math.exp(parameters.drive[0]), 0.1, 2000);
 
@@ -418,29 +363,18 @@ class LadderProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
 }
 registerProcessor('ladder-processor', LadderProcessor);
 
-class DistortProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
+class DistortProcessor extends makeReusable(AudioWorkletProcessor) {
   static get parameterDescriptors() {
-    return [
+    return [...super.parameterDescriptors, { name: 'distort', defaultValue: 0 }, { name: 'postgain', defaultValue: 1 }];
-      { name: 'distort', defaultValue: 0 },
-      { name: 'postgain', defaultValue: 1 },
-    ];
   }
 
-  constructor({ processorOptions }) {
+  initialize(options) {
-    super();
+    this.algorithm = getDistortionAlgorithm(options?.algorithm);
-    this.started = false;
-    this.algorithm = getDistortionAlgorithm(processorOptions.algorithm);
   }
 
-  process(inputs, outputs, parameters) {
+  processActive(inputs, outputs, parameters) {
     const input = inputs[0];
     const output = outputs[0];
-
-    const hasInput = !(input[0] === undefined);
-    if (this.started && !hasInput) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    this.started = hasInput;
     for (let n = 0; n < blockSize; n++) {
       const postgain = clamp(pv(parameters.postgain, n), 0.001, 1);
       const shape = Math.expm1(pv(parameters.distort, n));
@@ -455,33 +389,15 @@ class DistortProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
 registerProcessor('distort-processor', DistortProcessor);
 
 // SUPERSAW
-class SuperSawOscillatorProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
+class SuperSawOscillatorProcessor extends makeReusable(AudioWorkletProcessor) {
-  constructor() {
-    super();
-    this.phase = [];
-  }
   static get parameterDescriptors() {
     return [
-      {
+      ...super.parameterDescriptors,
-        name: 'begin',
-        defaultValue: 0,
-        max: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
-        min: 0,
-      },
-
-      {
-        name: 'end',
-        defaultValue: 0,
-        max: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
-        min: 0,
-      },
-
       {
         name: 'frequency',
         defaultValue: 440,
         min: Number.EPSILON,
       },
-
       {
         name: 'panspread',
         defaultValue: 0.4,
@@ -498,25 +414,14 @@ class SuperSawOscillatorProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
         defaultValue: 0,
         min: 0,
       },
-
-      {
-        name: 'voices',
-        defaultValue: 5,
-        min: 1,
-        automationRate: 'k-rate',
-      },
     ];
   }
-  process(_input, outputs, params) {
+  initialize(options) {
-    if (currentTime <= params.begin[0]) {
+    this.phase = [];
-      return true;
+    this.voices = options?.voices ?? 5;
-    }
+  }
-    if (currentTime >= params.end[0]) {
+  processActive(_input, outputs, params) {
-      // this.port.postMessage({ type: 'onended' });
-      return false;
-    }
     const output = outputs[0];
-    const voices = params.voices[0]; // k-rate
     for (let i = 0; i < output[0].length; i++) {
       const detune = pv(params.detune, i);
       const freqspread = pv(params.freqspread, i);
@@ -526,8 +431,8 @@ class SuperSawOscillatorProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
       let freq = pv(params.frequency, i);
       // Main detuning
       freq = applySemitoneDetuneToFrequency(freq, detune / 100);
-      const detuner = getDetuner(voices, freqspread);
+      const detuner = getDetuner(this.voices, freqspread);
-      for (let n = 0; n < voices; n++) {
+      for (let n = 0; n < this.voices; n++) {
         // Individual voice detuning
         const freqVoice = applySemitoneDetuneToFrequency(freq, detuner(n));
         // We must wrap this here because it is passed into sawblep below which
@@ -571,12 +476,7 @@ function genHannWindow(length) {
 
 class PhaseVocoderProcessor extends OLAProcessor {
   static get parameterDescriptors() {
-    return [
+    return [...super.parameterDescriptors, { name: 'pitchFactor', defaultValue: 1.0 }];
-      {
-        name: 'pitchFactor',
-        defaultValue: 1.0,
-      },
-    ];
   }
 
   constructor(options) {
@@ -584,9 +484,13 @@ class PhaseVocoderProcessor extends OLAProcessor {
       blockSize: BUFFERED_BLOCK_SIZE,
     };
     super(options);
-    this.timeCursor = 0;
     this.fftSize = this.blockSize;
     this.invfftSize = 1 / this.fftSize;
+  }
+
+  initialize(options) {
+    super.initialize(options);
+    this.timeCursor = 0;
     this.hannWindow = genHannWindow(this.fftSize);
     // prepare FFT and pre-allocate buffers
     this.fft = new FFT(this.fftSize);
@@ -717,9 +621,8 @@ class PhaseVocoderProcessor extends OLAProcessor {
 registerProcessor('phase-vocoder-processor', PhaseVocoderProcessor);
 
 // Adapted from https://www.musicdsp.org/en/latest/Effects/221-band-limited-pwm-generator.html
-class PulseOscillatorProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
+class PulseOscillatorProcessor extends makeReusable(AudioWorkletProcessor) {
-  constructor() {
+  initialize() {
-    super();
     this.phi = -PI; // phase
     this.Y0 = 0; // feedback memories
     this.Y1 = 0;
@@ -731,20 +634,7 @@ class PulseOscillatorProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
 
   static get parameterDescriptors() {
     return [
-      {
+      ...super.parameterDescriptors,
-        name: 'begin',
-        defaultValue: 0,
-        max: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
-        min: 0,
-      },
-
-      {
-        name: 'end',
-        defaultValue: 0,
-        max: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
-        min: 0,
-      },
-
       {
         name: 'frequency',
         defaultValue: 440,
@@ -765,20 +655,10 @@ class PulseOscillatorProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
     ];
   }
 
-  process(inputs, outputs, params) {
+  processActive(inputs, outputs, params) {
-    if (this.disconnected) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    if (currentTime <= params.begin[0]) {
-      return true;
-    }
-    if (currentTime >= params.end[0]) {
-      return false;
-    }
     const output = outputs[0];
     let env = 1,
       dphi;
-
     for (let i = 0; i < (output[0].length ?? 0); i++) {
       const pw = (1 - clamp(pv(params.pulsewidth, i), -0.99, 0.99)) * PI;
       const detune = pv(params.detune, i);
@@ -861,28 +741,23 @@ function getByteBeatFunc(codetext) {
   return new Function(...mathParams, 't', `return 0,\n${codetext || 0};`).bind(globalThis, ...byteBeatHelperFuncs);
 }
 
-class ByteBeatProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
+class ByteBeatProcessor extends makeReusable(AudioWorkletProcessor) {
-  constructor() {
+  initialize(options) {
-    super();
+    let codeText = options?.codeText;
-    this.port.onmessage = (event) => {
+    const byteBeatStartTime = options?.byteBeatStartTime;
-      let { codeText } = event.data;
+    if (byteBeatStartTime != null) {
-      const { byteBeatStartTime } = event.data;
+      this.t = 0;
-      if (byteBeatStartTime != null) {
+      this.initialOffset = Math.floor(byteBeatStartTime);
-        this.t = 0;
+    }
-        this.initialOffset = Math.floor(byteBeatStartTime);
+    //Optimization pulled from dollchan.net: https://github.com/Chasyxx/EnBeat_NEW, it seemed important
-      }
+    //Optimize code like eval(unescape(escape`XXXX`.replace(/u(..)/g,"$1%")))
-
+    codeText = codeText
-      //Optimization pulled from dollchan.net: https://github.com/Chasyxx/EnBeat_NEW, it seemed important
+      .trim()
-      //Optimize code like eval(unescape(escape`XXXX`.replace(/u(..)/g,"$1%")))
+      .replace(
-      codeText = codeText
+        /^eval\(unescape\(escape(?:`|\('|\("|\(`)(.*?)(?:`|'\)|"\)|`\)).replace\(\/u\(\.\.\)\/g,["'`]\$1%["'`]\)\)\)$/,
-        .trim()
+        (match, m1) => unescape(escape(m1).replace(/u(..)/g, '$1%')),
-        .replace(
+      );
-          /^eval\(unescape\(escape(?:`|\('|\("|\(`)(.*?)(?:`|'\)|"\)|`\)).replace\(\/u\(\.\.\)\/g,["'`]\$1%["'`]\)\)\)$/,
+    this.func = getByteBeatFunc(codeText);
-          (match, m1) => unescape(escape(m1).replace(/u(..)/g, '$1%')),
-        );
-
-      this.func = getByteBeatFunc(codeText);
-    };
     this.initialOffset = 0;
     this.t = null;
     this.func = null;
@@ -890,12 +765,7 @@ class ByteBeatProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
 
   static get parameterDescriptors() {
     return [
-      {
+      ...super.parameterDescriptors,
-        name: 'begin',
-        defaultValue: 0,
-        max: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
-        min: 0,
-      },
       {
         name: 'frequency',
         defaultValue: 440,
@@ -907,25 +777,10 @@ class ByteBeatProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
         min: Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
         max: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
       },
-      {
-        name: 'end',
-        defaultValue: 0,
-        max: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
-        min: 0,
-      },
     ];
   }
 
-  process(inputs, outputs, params) {
+  processActive(inputs, outputs, params) {
-    if (this.disconnected) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    if (currentTime <= params.begin[0]) {
-      return true;
-    }
-    if (currentTime >= params.end[0]) {
-      return false;
-    }
     if (this.t == null) {
       this.t = params.begin[0] * sampleRate;
     }
@@ -951,11 +806,9 @@ class ByteBeatProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
 
 registerProcessor('byte-beat-processor', ByteBeatProcessor);
 
-class EnvelopeProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
+class EnvelopeProcessor extends makeReusable(AudioWorkletProcessor) {
   static get parameterDescriptors() {
     return [
-      { name: 'begin', defaultValue: 0 },
-      { name: 'end', defaultValue: 0 },
       { name: 'attack', defaultValue: 0.005, minValue: 0 },
       { name: 'decay', defaultValue: 0.14, minValue: 0 },
       { name: 'sustain', defaultValue: 0, minValue: 0, maxValue: 1 },
@@ -1115,56 +968,36 @@ function brownian(x, oct = 4) {
 }
 
 const tablesCache = {};
-class WavetableOscillatorProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
+class WavetableOscillatorProcessor extends makeReusable(AudioWorkletProcessor) {
   static get parameterDescriptors() {
     return [
-      { name: 'begin', defaultValue: 0, min: 0, max: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY },
+      ...super.parameterDescriptors,
-      { name: 'end', defaultValue: 0, min: 0, max: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY },
       { name: 'frequency', defaultValue: 440, min: Number.EPSILON },
       { name: 'detune', defaultValue: 0 },
       { name: 'freqspread', defaultValue: 0.18, min: 0 },
       { name: 'position', defaultValue: 0, min: 0, max: 1 },
       { name: 'warp', defaultValue: 0, min: 0, max: 1 },
       { name: 'warpMode', defaultValue: 0 },
-      { name: 'voices', defaultValue: 1, min: 1, automationRate: 'k-rate' },
       { name: 'panspread', defaultValue: 0.7, min: 0, max: 1 },
       { name: 'phaserand', defaultValue: 0, min: 0, max: 1 },
     ];
   }
 
-  constructor(options) {
+  initialize(options) {
-    super(options);
+    this.table = null;
-    this.frameLen = 0;
+    this.frameLen = null;
-    this.numFrames = 0;
+    this.numFrames = null;
     this.phase = [];
-
+    if (options?.key) {
-    this.port.onmessage = (e) => {
+      const key = options.key;
-      const { type, payload } = e.data || {};
+      this.frameLen = options.frameLen;
-      if (type === 'table') {
+      if (!tablesCache[key]) {
-        const key = payload.key;
+        tablesCache[key] = options.frames;
-        this.frameLen = payload.frameLen;
-        if (!tablesCache[key]) {
-          const tables = [payload.frames];
-          let table = tables[0];
-          for (let level = 1; level < 1; level++) {
-            const nextLen = table.length >> 1;
-            const nextTable = table.map((frame) => {
-              const avg = new Float32Array(nextLen);
-              for (let i = 0; i < nextLen; i++) {
-                avg[i] = (frame[2 * i] + frame[2 * i + 1]) / 2;
-              }
-              return avg;
-            });
-            tables.push(nextTable);
-            table = nextTable;
-            if (nextLen <= 32) break;
-          }
-          tablesCache[key] = tables;
-        }
-        this.tables = tablesCache[key];
-        this.numFrames = this.tables[0].length;
       }
-    };
+      this.table = tablesCache[key];
+      this.numFrames = this.table.length;
+    }
+    this.voices = options?.voices ?? 1;
   }
 
   _mirror(x) {
@@ -1309,30 +1142,14 @@ class WavetableOscillatorProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
     return a + (b - a) * frac;
   }
 
-  _chooseMip(dphi) {
+  processActive(_inputs, outputs, parameters) {
-    const approxHarm = clamp(dphi, 1e-6, 64);
-    let level = 0;
-    while (level + 1 < (this.tables?.length || 1) && approxHarm < this.tables[level][0].length / 8) {
-      level++;
-    }
-    return level;
-  }
-
-  process(_inputs, outputs, parameters) {
-    if (currentTime >= parameters.end[0]) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    if (currentTime <= parameters.begin[0]) {
-      return true;
-    }
     const outL = outputs[0][0];
     const outR = outputs[0][1] || outputs[0][0];
-    if (!this.tables) {
+    if (!this.table) {
       outL.fill(0);
       if (outR !== outL) outR.set(outL);
       return true;
     }
-    const voices = parameters.voices[0]; // k-rate
     for (let i = 0; i < outL.length; i++) {
       const detune = pv(parameters.detune, i);
       const freqspread = pv(parameters.freqspread, i);
@@ -1343,14 +1160,14 @@ class WavetableOscillatorProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
       const warpAmount = clamp(pv(parameters.warp, i), 0, 1);
       const warpMode = pv(parameters.warpMode, i);
       const phaseRand = clamp(pv(parameters.phaserand, i), 0, 1);
-      const panspread = voices > 1 ? clamp(pv(parameters.panspread, i), 0, 1) : 0;
+      const panspread = this.voices > 1 ? clamp(pv(parameters.panspread, i), 0, 1) : 0;
       const gain1 = Math.sqrt(0.5 - 0.5 * panspread);
       const gain2 = Math.sqrt(0.5 + 0.5 * panspread);
       let f = pv(parameters.frequency, i);
       f = applySemitoneDetuneToFrequency(f, detune / 100); // overall detune
-      const normalizer = 1 / Math.sqrt(voices);
+      const normalizer = 1 / Math.sqrt(this.voices);
-      const detuner = getDetuner(voices, freqspread);
+      const detuner = getDetuner(this.voices, freqspread);
-      for (let n = 0; n < voices; n++) {
+      for (let n = 0; n < this.voices; n++) {
         const isOdd = (n & 1) == 1;
         let gainL = gain1;
         let gainR = gain2;
@@ -1361,14 +1178,12 @@ class WavetableOscillatorProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
         }
         const fVoice = applySemitoneDetuneToFrequency(f, detuner(n)); // voice detune
         const dPhase = fVoice * INVSR;
-        const level = this._chooseMip(dPhase);
-        const table = this.tables[level];
 
         // warp phase then sample
         this.phase[n] = this.phase[n] ?? Math.random() * phaseRand;
         const ph = this._warpPhase(this.phase[n], warpAmount, warpMode);
-        const s0 = this._sampleFrame(table[fIdx], ph);
+        const s0 = this._sampleFrame(this.table[fIdx], ph);
-        const s1 = this._sampleFrame(table[Math.min(this.numFrames - 1, fIdx + 1)], ph);
+        const s1 = this._sampleFrame(this.table[Math.min(this.numFrames - 1, fIdx + 1)], ph);
         let s = lerp(s0, s1, interpT);
         if (warpMode === WarpMode.FLIP && this.phase[n] < warpAmount) {
           s = -s;

packages/superdough/zzfx.mjs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { midiToFreq, noteToMidi } from './util.mjs';
 import { registerSound } from './superdough.mjs';
 import { getAudioContext } from './audioContext.mjs';
 import { buildSamples } from './zzfx_fork.mjs';
+import { onceEnded, releaseAudioNode } from './helpers.mjs';
 
 export const getZZFX = (value, t) => {
   let {
@@ -83,10 +84,10 @@ export function registerZZFXSounds() {
       wave,
       (t, value, onended) => {
         const { node: o } = getZZFX({ s: wave, ...value }, t);
-        o.onended = () => {
+        onceEnded(o, () => {
-          o.disconnect();
+          releaseAudioNode(o);
           onended();
-        };
+        });
         return {
           node: o,
           stop: () => {},

test/__snapshots__/examples.test.mjs.snap

@@ -4092,35 +4092,6 @@ exports[`runs examples > example "floor" example index 0 1`] = `
 ]
 `;
 
-exports[`runs examples > example "fm" example index 0 1`] = `
-[
-  "[ 0/1 → 1/6 | note:c fmi:0 ]",
-  "[ 1/6 → 1/3 | note:e fmi:0 ]",
-  "[ 1/3 → 1/2 | note:g fmi:0 ]",
-  "[ 1/2 → 2/3 | note:b fmi:0 ]",
-  "[ 2/3 → 5/6 | note:g fmi:0 ]",
-  "[ 5/6 → 1/1 | note:e fmi:0 ]",
-  "[ 1/1 → 7/6 | note:c fmi:1 ]",
-  "[ 7/6 → 4/3 | note:e fmi:1 ]",
-  "[ 4/3 → 3/2 | note:g fmi:1 ]",
-  "[ 3/2 → 5/3 | note:b fmi:1 ]",
-  "[ 5/3 → 11/6 | note:g fmi:1 ]",
-  "[ 11/6 → 2/1 | note:e fmi:1 ]",
-  "[ 2/1 → 13/6 | note:c fmi:2 ]",
-  "[ 13/6 → 7/3 | note:e fmi:2 ]",
-  "[ 7/3 → 5/2 | note:g fmi:2 ]",
-  "[ 5/2 → 8/3 | note:b fmi:2 ]",
-  "[ 8/3 → 17/6 | note:g fmi:2 ]",
-  "[ 17/6 → 3/1 | note:e fmi:2 ]",
-  "[ 3/1 → 19/6 | note:c fmi:8 ]",
-  "[ 19/6 → 10/3 | note:e fmi:8 ]",
-  "[ 10/3 → 7/2 | note:g fmi:8 ]",
-  "[ 7/2 → 11/3 | note:b fmi:8 ]",
-  "[ 11/3 → 23/6 | note:g fmi:8 ]",
-  "[ 23/6 → 4/1 | note:e fmi:8 ]",
-]
-`;
-
 exports[`runs examples > example "fmattack" example index 0 1`] = `
 [
   "[ 0/1 → 1/6 | note:c fmi:4 fmattack:0 ]",
@@ -4237,6 +4208,72 @@ exports[`runs examples > example "fmh" example index 0 1`] = `
 ]
 `;
 
+exports[`runs examples > example "fmi" example index 0 1`] = `
+[
+  "[ 0/1 → 1/6 | note:c fmi:0 ]",
+  "[ 1/6 → 1/3 | note:e fmi:0 ]",
+  "[ 1/3 → 1/2 | note:g fmi:0 ]",
+  "[ 1/2 → 2/3 | note:b fmi:0 ]",
+  "[ 2/3 → 5/6 | note:g fmi:0 ]",
+  "[ 5/6 → 1/1 | note:e fmi:0 ]",
+  "[ 1/1 → 7/6 | note:c fmi:1 ]",
+  "[ 7/6 → 4/3 | note:e fmi:1 ]",
+  "[ 4/3 → 3/2 | note:g fmi:1 ]",
+  "[ 3/2 → 5/3 | note:b fmi:1 ]",
+  "[ 5/3 → 11/6 | note:g fmi:1 ]",
+  "[ 11/6 → 2/1 | note:e fmi:1 ]",
+  "[ 2/1 → 13/6 | note:c fmi:2 ]",
+  "[ 13/6 → 7/3 | note:e fmi:2 ]",
+  "[ 7/3 → 5/2 | note:g fmi:2 ]",
+  "[ 5/2 → 8/3 | note:b fmi:2 ]",
+  "[ 8/3 → 17/6 | note:g fmi:2 ]",
+  "[ 17/6 → 3/1 | note:e fmi:2 ]",
+  "[ 3/1 → 19/6 | note:c fmi:8 ]",
+  "[ 19/6 → 10/3 | note:e fmi:8 ]",
+  "[ 10/3 → 7/2 | note:g fmi:8 ]",
+  "[ 7/2 → 11/3 | note:b fmi:8 ]",
+  "[ 11/3 → 23/6 | note:g fmi:8 ]",
+  "[ 23/6 → 4/1 | note:e fmi:8 ]",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`runs examples > example "fmi" example index 1 1`] = `
+[
+  "[ 0/1 → 1/8 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:0 fmi3:0 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 1/8 → 1/4 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:2.7408622801303864 fmi3:0.125 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 1/4 → 3/8 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:1.479038767516613 fmi3:0.25 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 3/8 → 1/2 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:1.605570062994957 fmi3:0.375 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 1/2 → 5/8 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:1.041922464966774 fmi3:0.5 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 5/8 → 3/4 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:0.5425434708595276 fmi3:0.625 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 3/4 → 7/8 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:0.7833059206604958 fmi3:0.75 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 7/8 → 1/1 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:1.590524323284626 fmi3:0.875 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 1/1 → 9/8 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:2.078168660402298 fmi3:1 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 9/8 → 5/4 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:2.689958058297634 fmi3:1.125 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 5/4 → 11/8 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:2.914912812411785 fmi3:1.25 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 11/8 → 3/2 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:0.7312150076031685 fmi3:1.375 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 3/2 → 13/8 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:2.4336322993040085 fmi3:1.5 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 13/8 → 7/4 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:1.987018845975399 fmi3:1.625 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 7/4 → 15/8 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:0.8189515843987465 fmi3:1.75 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 15/8 → 2/1 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:2.3782287165522575 fmi3:1.875 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 2/1 → 17/8 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:3.838108479976654 fmi3:2 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 17/8 → 9/4 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:3.613561175763607 fmi3:2.125 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 9/4 → 19/8 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:1.3819300457835197 fmi3:2.25 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 19/8 → 5/2 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:3.346026562154293 fmi3:2.375 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 5/2 → 21/8 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:1.8344642966985703 fmi3:2.5 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 21/8 → 11/4 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:0.6407739371061325 fmi3:2.625 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 11/4 → 23/8 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:2.5329310819506645 fmi3:2.75 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 23/8 → 3/1 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:0.06501668691635132 fmi3:2.875 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 3/1 → 25/8 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:0.8691564425826073 fmi3:3 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 25/8 → 13/4 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:1.3729755133390427 fmi3:3.125 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 13/4 → 27/8 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:3.9694602862000465 fmi3:3.25 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 27/8 → 7/2 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:1.6347672045230865 fmi3:3.375 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 7/2 → 29/8 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:1.639795258641243 fmi3:3.5 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 29/8 → 15/4 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:3.7565943151712418 fmi3:3.625 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 15/4 → 31/8 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:3.2486692890524864 fmi3:3.75 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+  "[ 31/8 → 4/1 | s:sine note:F1 fmi:4 fmi2:2.9446661546826363 fmi3:3.875 fmh:1.06 fmh2:10 fmh3:0.1 ]",
+]
+`;
+
 exports[`runs examples > example "fmsustain" example index 0 1`] = `
 [
   "[ 0/1 → 1/6 | note:c fmi:4 fmdecay:0.1 fmsustain:1 ]",