fill in old saved port identities

Launcher/LocalBuild.ps1

@@ -429,8 +429,7 @@ try {
             }
             $redist = Join-Path $Toolkit 'Redist'
             if (Test-Path -LiteralPath $redist -PathType Container) {
-                Get-ChildItem -LiteralPath $redist -Filter '*.dll' -File |
-                    Copy-Item -Destination $Destination -Force
+                Copy-Item -Path (Join-Path $redist '*.dll') -Destination $Destination -Force
             }
             foreach ($name in @('config','wii_bootstrap')) {
                 $directory = Join-Path $build $name

Launcher/NativeBuildFlags.ps1

@@ -145,8 +145,7 @@ function Invoke-Checked([string]$FilePath, [string[]]$Arguments, [string]$Descri
     else { Write-Host "${LogPrefix}: $Description" }
     $quotedArguments = @($Arguments | ForEach-Object {
         if ($_.Contains('"')) { throw "A native build argument contains an unsupported quote: $_" }
-        # Backslashes directly before the closing quote would otherwise escape it.
-        '"' + ($_ -replace '(\\+)$', '$1$1') + '"'
+        '"' + $_ + '"'
     })
     if ($WaitForProcessTree) {
         $process = Start-Process -FilePath $FilePath -ArgumentList $quotedArguments `

Launcher/local-build.sh

@@ -437,9 +437,7 @@ if [[ "$cc_bin" == */* ]]; then
     configure_args+=(-DCMAKE_ASM_COMPILER="$cc_bin")
 fi
 if [[ -n "$fuse_ld_override" ]]; then
-    # CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS is one string that CMake pastes into the shell link command.
-    printf -v fuse_ld_quoted '%q' "$fuse_ld_override"
-    configure_args+=(-DCMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS="-fuse-ld=$fuse_ld_quoted")
+    configure_args+=(-DCMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS="-fuse-ld=$fuse_ld_override")
 fi
 if [[ -n "$native_prebuilt_dir" ]]; then
     configure_args+=(-DMKW_NATIVE_PREBUILT_DIR="$native_prebuilt_dir")

Launcher/macos/setup.command

@@ -11,13 +11,7 @@ workspace="$support_root/BuildWorkspace"
 products="$support_root/Products"
 
 fail() { printf 'WiiCompiled Setup: %s\n' "$*" >&2; exit 1; }
-notice() {
-    /usr/bin/osascript - "$1" >/dev/null <<'APPLESCRIPT'
-on run argv
-    display dialog (item 1 of argv) buttons {"OK"} default button "OK" with icon caution
-end run
-APPLESCRIPT
-}
+notice() { /usr/bin/osascript -e "display dialog \"${1//\"/\\\"}\" buttons {\"OK\"} default button \"OK\" with icon caution" >/dev/null; }
 usage() {
     cat <<'EOF'
 Usage: setup.command --game IMAGE [--retro-dir DIR] [--install-location {user|applications}]
@@ -152,7 +146,7 @@ fi
 "$workspace/Launcher/local-build-macos.command" "${build_args[@]}" --profile "$profile" --cmake "$cmake_bin" --ninja "$ninja_bin" --translator-bin "$translator"
 
 config="$support_root/Config.toml"
-toml_string() { printf '%s' "$1" | sed -e 's/\\/\\\\/g' -e 's/"/\\"/g'; }
+toml_string() { printf '%s' "$1" | sed -e 's/\\\\/\\\\\\\\/g' -e 's/"/\\\\"/g'; }
 set_path() {
     local key=$1 value=$2 encoded line temporary
     encoded=$(toml_string "$value"); line="$key = \"$encoded\""; temporary="$config.tmp"
@@ -178,13 +172,8 @@ install_app() {
     local app=$1
     [[ -d "$products/$app" ]] || return 0
     if [[ "$destination" == /Applications ]]; then
-        /usr/bin/osascript - "$products/$app" "/Applications/$app" <<'APPLESCRIPT'
-on run argv
-    set sourcePath to quoted form of (item 1 of argv)
-    set installedPath to quoted form of (item 2 of argv)
-    do shell script "mkdir -p /Applications && rm -rf " & installedPath & " && /usr/bin/ditto " & sourcePath & " " & installedPath with administrator privileges
-end run
-APPLESCRIPT
+        command="mkdir -p /Applications && rm -rf '/Applications/$app' && ditto '$products/$app' '/Applications/$app'"
+        /usr/bin/osascript -e "do shell script \"$command\" with administrator privileges"
     else
         mkdir -p "$destination"; rm -rf "$destination/$app"; /usr/bin/ditto "$products/$app" "$destination/$app"
     fi

aurora-main/cmake/AuroraCopyRuntimeDLLs.cmake

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ function(aurora_copy_runtime_dlls target)
     add_custom_command(TARGET ${target} POST_BUILD
         COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy_if_different $<TARGET_RUNTIME_DLLS:${_t}> $<TARGET_FILE_DIR:${target}>
         COMMAND_EXPAND_LISTS
-        VERBATIM
     )
   endforeach ()
 
@@ -31,7 +30,6 @@ function(aurora_copy_runtime_dlls target)
         if (EXISTS "${_dawn_bin_dir}/${_dll}")
           add_custom_command(TARGET ${target} POST_BUILD
               COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy_if_different "${_dawn_bin_dir}/${_dll}" $<TARGET_FILE_DIR:${target}>
-              VERBATIM
           )
         endif ()
       endforeach ()

aurora-main/lib/input.cpp

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include <array>
 #include <string>
 #include <utility>
+#include <vector>
 
 using namespace std::string_view_literals;
 
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ absl::flat_hash_map<Uint32, GameController> g_GameControllers;
 
 namespace {
 constexpr uint32_t kPortPreferencesMagic = SBIG('CPRT');
-constexpr uint32_t kPortPreferencesVersion = 2;
+constexpr uint32_t kPortPreferencesVersion = 3;
 constexpr uint32_t kMaxPersistedStringLength = 256;
 
 enum class PortPreferenceState : uint8_t {
@@ -35,6 +36,8 @@ enum class PortPreferenceState : uint8_t {
 struct ControllerIdentity {
   std::string guid;
   std::string serial;
+  std::string path;
+  int32_t slot = -1;
 };
 
 struct PortPreference {
@@ -44,6 +47,9 @@ struct PortPreference {
 
 std::array<PortPreference, PAD_MAX_CONTROLLERS> g_portPreferences;
 bool g_portPreferencesLoaded = false;
+// Startup controllers are added one by one via events; capture their SDL player index at init,
+// before earlier port reassignments can move it.
+absl::flat_hash_map<SDL_JoystickID, int32_t> g_connectSlots;
 
 std::string port_preferences_path() {
   if (g_config.userPath == nullptr) {
@@ -83,6 +89,8 @@ ControllerIdentity controller_identity(const GameController& controller) {
   SDL_GUIDToString(SDL_GetGamepadGUIDForID(SDL_GetGamepadID(controller.m_controller)), guid, sizeof(guid));
   identity.guid = guid;
   identity.serial = normalize_serial(SDL_GetGamepadSerial(controller.m_controller));
+  identity.path = controller.m_path;
+  identity.slot = controller.m_slot;
   return identity;
 }
 
@@ -137,12 +145,16 @@ bool write_string(SDL_IOStream* file, const std::string& value) {
   return write_value(file, size) && (size == 0 || write_exact(file, value.data(), size));
 }
 
-bool read_identity(SDL_IOStream* file, ControllerIdentity& identity) {
-  return read_string(file, identity.guid) && read_string(file, identity.serial);
+bool read_identity(SDL_IOStream* file, uint32_t version, ControllerIdentity& identity) {
+  if (!read_string(file, identity.guid) || !read_string(file, identity.serial)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  return version < 3 || (read_string(file, identity.path) && read_value(file, identity.slot));
 }
 
 bool write_identity(SDL_IOStream* file, const ControllerIdentity& identity) {
-  return write_string(file, identity.guid) && write_string(file, identity.serial);
+  return write_string(file, identity.guid) && write_string(file, identity.serial) &&
+         write_string(file, identity.path) && write_value(file, identity.slot);
 }
 
 bool read_port_preferences_file(std::array<PortPreference, PAD_MAX_CONTROLLERS>& preferences) {
@@ -159,13 +171,13 @@ bool read_port_preferences_file(std::array<PortPreference, PAD_MAX_CONTROLLERS>&
   uint32_t magic = 0;
   uint32_t version = 0;
   bool ok = read_value(file, magic) && read_value(file, version) && magic == kPortPreferencesMagic &&
-            version == kPortPreferencesVersion;
+            version >= 2 && version <= kPortPreferencesVersion;
 
   for (auto& preference : preferences) {
     uint8_t state = 0;
     ControllerIdentity identity;
     ok = ok && read_value(file, state) && state <= static_cast<uint8_t>(PortPreferenceState::Controller) &&
-         read_identity(file, identity);
+         read_identity(file, version, identity);
     if (ok) {
       preference.state = static_cast<PortPreferenceState>(state);
       preference.identity = std::move(identity);
@@ -225,22 +237,31 @@ void save_port_preferences() {
   }
 }
 
-enum class IdentityMatch {
-  None,
-  Fallback,
-  Exact,
-};
+// Zero means no match. Higher scores claim ports first: path+slot > GUID > VID/PID.
+constexpr int kScoreVidPid = 1;
+constexpr int kScoreGuid = 2;
+constexpr int kScoreSlot = 1;
+constexpr int kScorePath = 2;
 
-IdentityMatch identity_match(const ControllerIdentity& saved, const ControllerIdentity& current) {
+int identity_score(const ControllerIdentity& saved, const ControllerIdentity& current) {
   if (saved.guid.empty()) {
-    return IdentityMatch::None;
+    return 0;
   }
   if (saved.guid == current.guid) {
-    return saved.serial.empty() || serial_matches(saved.serial, current.serial) ? IdentityMatch::Exact
-                                                                                : IdentityMatch::None;
+    if (!saved.serial.empty() && !serial_matches(saved.serial, current.serial)) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+    int score = kScoreGuid;
+    if (!saved.path.empty() && saved.path == current.path) {
+      score += kScorePath;
+    }
+    if (saved.slot >= 0 && saved.slot == current.slot) {
+      score += kScoreSlot;
+    }
+    return score;
   }
   if (!serial_matches(saved.serial, current.serial)) {
-    return IdentityMatch::None;
+    return 0;
   }
 
   // Attempt to match against VID/PID as a fallback if the GUID changes
@@ -250,9 +271,9 @@ IdentityMatch identity_match(const ControllerIdentity& saved, const ControllerId
   uint16_t currentProduct = 0;
   SDL_GetJoystickGUIDInfo(SDL_StringToGUID(saved.guid.c_str()), &savedVendor, &savedProduct, nullptr, nullptr);
   SDL_GetJoystickGUIDInfo(SDL_StringToGUID(current.guid.c_str()), &currentVendor, &currentProduct, nullptr, nullptr);
-  return savedVendor != 0 && savedVendor == currentVendor && savedProduct != 0 && savedProduct == currentProduct
-             ? IdentityMatch::Fallback
-             : IdentityMatch::None;
+  const bool sameDevice =
+      savedVendor != 0 && savedVendor == currentVendor && savedProduct != 0 && savedProduct == currentProduct;
+  return sameDevice ? kScoreVidPid : 0;
 }
 
 void assign_player_index(GameController& controller, int32_t port) {
@@ -267,12 +288,6 @@ int32_t effective_player_index(const GameController& controller) {
   return player >= 0 ? player : controller.m_playerIndex;
 }
 
-bool is_instance_claimed(const std::array<Uint32, PAD_MAX_CONTROLLERS>& claimedControllers, size_t claimedCount,
-                         Uint32 instance) {
-  return std::find(claimedControllers.begin(), claimedControllers.begin() + claimedCount, instance) !=
-         claimedControllers.begin() + claimedCount;
-}
-
 void apply_port_preferences() noexcept {
   ensure_port_preferences_loaded();
   if (!std::any_of(g_portPreferences.begin(), g_portPreferences.end(),
@@ -288,45 +303,63 @@ void apply_port_preferences() noexcept {
     }
   }
 
-  std::array<Uint32, PAD_MAX_CONTROLLERS> claimedControllers{};
+  struct Candidate {
+    int score;
+    uint32_t port;
+    Uint32 instance;
+  };
+  std::vector<Candidate> candidates;
+  for (const auto& [instance, controller] : g_GameControllers) {
+    const auto identity = controller_identity(controller);
+    for (uint32_t port = 0; port < g_portPreferences.size(); ++port) {
+      if (g_portPreferences[port].state != PortPreferenceState::Controller) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (const int score = identity_score(g_portPreferences[port].identity, identity); score > 0) {
+        candidates.push_back({score, port, instance});
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // Best matches claim first so identical controllers each end up on their own port
+  std::sort(candidates.begin(), candidates.end(), [](const Candidate& a, const Candidate& b) {
+    if (a.score != b.score) {
+      return a.score > b.score;
+    }
+    return a.port != b.port ? a.port < b.port : a.instance < b.instance;
+  });
+
+  std::array<bool, PAD_MAX_CONTROLLERS> portClaimed{};
+  std::array<Uint32, PAD_MAX_CONTROLLERS> claimedInstances{};
   size_t claimedCount = 0;
-  for (uint32_t port = 0; port < g_portPreferences.size(); ++port) {
-    const auto& preference = g_portPreferences[port];
-    if (preference.state != PortPreferenceState::Controller) {
+  bool upgraded = false;
+  for (const auto& candidate : candidates) {
+    if (portClaimed[candidate.port] ||
+        std::find(claimedInstances.begin(), claimedInstances.begin() + claimedCount, candidate.instance) !=
+            claimedInstances.begin() + claimedCount) {
       continue;
     }
+    portClaimed[candidate.port] = true;
+    claimedInstances[claimedCount++] = candidate.instance;
+    auto& controller = g_GameControllers[candidate.instance];
+    assign_player_index(controller, static_cast<int32_t>(candidate.port));
 
-    Uint32 fallbackInstance = 0;
-    GameController* fallbackController = nullptr;
-    for (auto& [instance, controller] : g_GameControllers) {
-      if (is_instance_claimed(claimedControllers, claimedCount, instance)) {
-        continue;
+    // Preferences saved before path and slot existed gain them on their first GUID match
+    auto& saved = g_portPreferences[candidate.port].identity;
+    if (candidate.score >= kScoreGuid && (saved.path.empty() || saved.slot < 0)) {
+      const auto current = controller_identity(controller);
+      if (saved.path.empty() && !current.path.empty()) {
+        saved.path = current.path;
+        upgraded = true;
       }
-
-      switch (identity_match(preference.identity, controller_identity(controller))) {
-      case IdentityMatch::Exact:
-        assign_player_index(controller, static_cast<int32_t>(port));
-        claimedControllers[claimedCount++] = instance;
-        fallbackController = nullptr;
-        break;
-      case IdentityMatch::Fallback:
-        // Prefer any later exact match before claiming a fallback candidate
-        if (fallbackController == nullptr) {
-          fallbackInstance = instance;
-          fallbackController = &controller;
-        }
-        continue;
-      case IdentityMatch::None:
-        continue;
+      if (saved.slot < 0 && current.slot >= 0) {
+        saved.slot = current.slot;
+        upgraded = true;
       }
-      break;
-    }
-
-    if (fallbackController != nullptr) {
-      assign_player_index(*fallbackController, static_cast<int32_t>(port));
-      claimedControllers[claimedCount++] = fallbackInstance;
     }
   }
+  if (upgraded) {
+    save_port_preferences();
+  }
 }
 
 // SDL only hands out a player index when the device already had a gamepad mapping
@@ -401,6 +434,15 @@ SDL_JoystickID add_controller(SDL_JoystickID which) noexcept {
       return -1;
     }
     controller.m_isGameCube = controller.m_vid == 0x057E && controller.m_pid == 0x0337;
+    if (const char* path = SDL_GetGamepadPath(ctrl); path != nullptr) {
+      controller.m_path = path;
+    }
+    if (const auto slot = g_connectSlots.find(which); slot != g_connectSlots.end()) {
+      controller.m_slot = slot->second;
+      g_connectSlots.erase(slot);
+    } else {
+      controller.m_slot = SDL_GetGamepadPlayerIndex(ctrl);
+    }
     const char* serial = SDL_GetGamepadSerial(ctrl);
     controller.m_gameCubeUseOrdinaryStop = controller.m_isGameCube && serial && "GCP+"sv == serial;
     if (controller.m_isGameCube ||
@@ -420,8 +462,7 @@ SDL_JoystickID add_controller(SDL_JoystickID which) noexcept {
       bool hasOtherPortPreference = false;
       for (size_t port = 1; port < g_portPreferences.size(); ++port) {
         if (g_portPreferences[port].state == PortPreferenceState::Controller &&
-            identity_match(g_portPreferences[port].identity, controller_identity(g_GameControllers[instance])) !=
-                IdentityMatch::None) {
+            identity_score(g_portPreferences[port].identity, controller_identity(g_GameControllers[instance])) > 0) {
           hasOtherPortPreference = true;
           break;
         }
@@ -457,6 +498,7 @@ bool refresh_controller(SDL_JoystickID instance) noexcept {
 }
 
 void remove_controller(Uint32 instance) noexcept {
+  g_connectSlots.erase(instance);
   if (auto it = g_GameControllers.find(instance); it != g_GameControllers.end()) {
     SDL_CloseGamepad(it->second.m_controller);
     g_GameControllers.erase(it);
@@ -540,6 +582,14 @@ void initialize() noexcept {
    * as expected */
   ASSERT(SDL_Init(SDL_INIT_HAPTIC | SDL_INIT_JOYSTICK | SDL_INIT_GAMEPAD), "Failed to initialize SDL subsystems: {}",
          SDL_GetError());
+
+  int count = 0;
+  if (SDL_JoystickID* ids = SDL_GetGamepads(&count)) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+      g_connectSlots[ids[i]] = SDL_GetGamepadPlayerIndexForID(ids[i]);
+    }
+    SDL_free(ids);
+  }
 }
 
 struct MouseScrollStatus {

aurora-main/lib/input.hpp

@@ -20,6 +20,9 @@ struct GameController {
   bool m_gameCubeUseOrdinaryStop = false;
   Sint32 m_index = -1;
   Sint32 m_playerIndex = -1;
+  // Device path and the SDL player index at connect (the adapter port for GameCube adapters).
+  std::string m_path;
+  Sint32 m_slot = -1;
   bool m_hasRumble = false;
   PADDeadZones m_deadZones{
       .emulateTriggers = true,

runtime/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -42,12 +42,6 @@ else()
         "WiiCompiled supports 64-bit LLVM-MinGW Clang on Windows, native Linux x86_64/aarch64, or Apple Clang on macOS x86_64/arm64")
 endif()
 
-if(MKW_PLATFORM_WINDOWS)
-    # CMake and Ninja write response files with Windows quoting, but clang tokenizes them with
-    # POSIX rules by default, where a bare apostrophe in a path opens a quoted span.
-    add_link_options(--rsp-quoting=windows)
-endif()
-
 if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Release")
     message(FATAL_ERROR "WiiCompiled only supports Release builds")
 endif()

runtime/cmake/PublicProducts.cmake

@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ function(mkw_configure_product target)
        (MKW_SQLITE_TARGET_TYPE STREQUAL "SHARED_LIBRARY" OR
         MKW_SQLITE_TARGET_TYPE STREQUAL "MODULE_LIBRARY"))
         add_custom_command(TARGET ${target} POST_BUILD COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy_if_different
-            $<TARGET_FILE:sqlite3> $<TARGET_FILE_DIR:${target}> VERBATIM)
+            $<TARGET_FILE:sqlite3> $<TARGET_FILE_DIR:${target}>)
     endif()
 
     if(MKW_PLATFORM_WINDOWS)
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ function(mkw_configure_product target)
             endif()
             add_custom_command(TARGET ${target} POST_BUILD
                 COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy_if_different
-                    "${runtime_dll_path}" $<TARGET_FILE_DIR:${target}> VERBATIM)
+                    "${runtime_dll_path}" $<TARGET_FILE_DIR:${target}>)
         endforeach()
     endif()
 
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ function(mkw_configure_product target)
         message(FATAL_ERROR "Missing Wii first-run bootstrap payload: ${MKW_WII_BOOTSTRAP_SOURCE_DIR}")
     endif()
     add_custom_command(TARGET ${target} POST_BUILD COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy_directory
-        "${MKW_WII_BOOTSTRAP_SOURCE_DIR}" "$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:${target}>/wii_bootstrap" VERBATIM)
+        "${MKW_WII_BOOTSTRAP_SOURCE_DIR}" "$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:${target}>/wii_bootstrap")
 
     set(MKW_DSP_COEFFICIENT_ROM "${MKW_RUNTIME_SOURCE_DIR}/assets/dsp/dsp_coef.bin")
     if(NOT EXISTS "${MKW_DSP_COEFFICIENT_ROM}")
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ function(mkw_configure_product target)
         message(FATAL_ERROR "Wii DSP coefficient ROM hash mismatch: ${MKW_DSP_COEFFICIENT_ROM_SHA256}")
     endif()
     add_custom_command(TARGET ${target} POST_BUILD COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy_if_different
-        "${MKW_DSP_COEFFICIENT_ROM}" "$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:${target}>/dsp_coef.bin" VERBATIM)
+        "${MKW_DSP_COEFFICIENT_ROM}" "$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:${target}>/dsp_coef.bin")
 
     # Aurora imports this portable recipe database into each user's writable
     # pipeline cache. Keep the upstream filename so its default resourcesPath
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ function(mkw_configure_product target)
     endif()
     add_custom_command(TARGET ${target} POST_BUILD COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy_if_different
         "${MKW_INITIAL_PIPELINE_CACHE}"
-        "$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:${target}>/initial_pipeline_cache.db" VERBATIM)
+        "$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:${target}>/initial_pipeline_cache.db")
 
     # Non-Windows TLS (runtime/src/hle/net/network_ssl.cpp's mbed TLS path) needs a trusted root
     # CA bundle to verify server certificates against - Windows gets this for free from the OS via
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ function(mkw_configure_product target)
             message(FATAL_ERROR "Missing TLS root CA bundle: ${MKW_CA_CERTIFICATE_BUNDLE}")
         endif()
         add_custom_command(TARGET ${target} POST_BUILD COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy_if_different
-            "${MKW_CA_CERTIFICATE_BUNDLE}" "$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:${target}>/cacert.pem" VERBATIM)
+            "${MKW_CA_CERTIFICATE_BUNDLE}" "$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:${target}>/cacert.pem")
     endif()
 endfunction()
 

runtime/src/settings_overlay.cpp

@@ -779,8 +779,15 @@ void DrawControllerSettings() {
     if (ImGui::BeginMenu("Assign connected controller")) {
         for (uint32_t index = 0; index < controllerCount; ++index) {
             const char* name = PADGetNameForControllerIndex(index);
+            std::string label = name != nullptr ? name : "Unknown controller";
+            for (int port = 0; port < PAD_MAX_CONTROLLERS; ++port) {
+                if (PADGetIndexForPort(port) == static_cast<s32>(index)) {
+                    label += " (Port " + std::to_string(port + 1) + ")";
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
             ImGui::PushID(static_cast<int>(index));
-            if (ImGui::MenuItem(name != nullptr ? name : "Unknown controller")) {
+            if (ImGui::MenuItem(label.c_str())) {
                 PADSetPortForIndex(index, selectedGamePort);
                 g_configuredControllerIndices.fill(std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::min());
                 ApplyConfiguredMappings();