update

* treat empty mkw save as missing

first-run format zero-fills rksys.dat before any real save; a quit before
the first save left an all-zero file that read back as corrupt and trapped
the user in a delete/recreate loop. read opens now treat an all-zero
rksys.dat as absent (a real save always begins with the RKSD0006 header),
so the game recreates it from scratch. also ignore native build output.

* shorten

* I dont really want to change this to be honest.

* extra safety

---------

Co-authored-by: patchzyy <64382339+patchzyy@users.noreply.github.com>

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@ concurrency:
   cancel-in-progress: true
 
 jobs:
+  recompilation:
+    name: Recompilation test
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/recomp-test.yml
+
   translator:
     name: Translator (build + test)
     runs-on: windows-latest

.github/workflows/package.yml

@@ -20,6 +20,10 @@ concurrency:
   cancel-in-progress: true
 
 jobs:
+  recompilation:
+    name: Recompilation test
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/recomp-test.yml
+
   linux-appimage:
     name: Linux (AppImage, ${{ matrix.arch }})
     strategy:
@@ -93,7 +97,7 @@ jobs:
   release:
     name: Publish GitHub Release
     if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
-    needs: [linux-appimage, windows-installer]
+    needs: [linux-appimage, windows-installer, recompilation]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     permissions:
       contents: write

.github/workflows/recomp-test.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+name: Synthetic recompilation
+
+on:
+  workflow_call:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  windows:
+    name: Windows runtime (synthetic DOL)
+    runs-on: windows-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 60
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - uses: actions/setup-dotnet@v6
+        with:
+          dotnet-version: '8.0.x'
+
+      # Cache downloads only. Preparation still validates pins, and every run
+      # compiles current Aurora, runtime, and generated sources from scratch.
+      - uses: actions/cache@v5
+        with:
+          path: Launcher/artifacts/downloads
+          key: windows-recomp-downloads-${{ hashFiles('Launcher/Prepare-PortableTools.ps1', 'Launcher/Prepare-Dependencies.ps1') }}
+
+      - name: Prepare the shipped Windows toolchain
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: ./Launcher/Prepare-PortableTools.ps1
+
+      - name: Prepare pinned native dependencies
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: ./Launcher/Prepare-Dependencies.ps1
+
+      - name: Translate, compile the full runtime, and link
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: ./Launcher/Test-Recompilation.ps1 -Parallel 3

.gitignore

@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ Code.pul
 /build/
 /build-*/
 /native-build/
+/native-build-macos/
+/local-products/
 /dist/
 /out/
 [Bb]in/

Launcher/Build-Installer.ps1

@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ foreach ($required in @('ToolkitFingerprint','TranslationFingerprint','NativeToo
 
 $manifest = [ordered]@{
     SchemaVersion = 2
-    ProductVersion = '0.2.26'
+    ProductVersion = '0.2.31'
     ExpectedGameId = $pins.GameId
     ExpectedDolSha256 = $pins.DolSha256
     ExpectedRelSha256 = $pins.RelSha256

Launcher/Test-Recompilation.ps1

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+# Build the real Windows runtime with translated, entirely synthetic PowerPC code.
+# No game dump, game symbol map, REL, mod download, or existing generated/ output is used.
+[CmdletBinding()]
+param(
+    [string]$PortableToolsDirectory = 'Launcher/artifacts/portable-tools',
+    [string]$DependencySourceDirectory = 'Launcher/artifacts/dependencies',
+    [string]$StageDirectory = 'build/recomp-test',
+    [ValidateRange(1, 64)] [int]$Parallel = 3
+)
+
+$ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'
+Set-StrictMode -Version 3.0
+. (Join-Path $PSScriptRoot 'NativeBuildFlags.ps1')
+
+$repoRoot = [IO.Path]::GetFullPath((Join-Path $PSScriptRoot '..'))
+function Full([string]$Path) {
+    if ([IO.Path]::IsPathRooted($Path)) { return [IO.Path]::GetFullPath($Path) }
+    return [IO.Path]::GetFullPath((Join-Path $repoRoot $Path))
+}
+$portableTools = Full $PortableToolsDirectory
+$dependencies = Full $DependencySourceDirectory
+$stage = Full $StageDirectory
+$dotnet = (Get-Command dotnet -CommandType Application).Source
+$cmake = Join-Path $portableTools 'CMake/bin/cmake.exe'
+$ninja = Join-Path $portableTools 'Ninja/ninja.exe'
+$compilerBin = Join-Path $portableTools 'llvm-mingw/bin'
+Assert-File $cmake 'Pinned CMake (run Prepare-PortableTools.ps1 first)'
+Assert-File $ninja 'Pinned Ninja'
+Assert-File (Join-Path $dependencies 'cppwinrt/winrt/base.h') 'Pinned dependencies (run Prepare-Dependencies.ps1 first)'
+
+# Refuse reuse so a developer's game translation or an earlier build cannot make
+# the test pass. Keep the staging tree after the run for diagnostics.
+if (Test-Path -LiteralPath $stage) { throw "Test stage already exists; choose a fresh -StageDirectory: $stage" }
+[IO.Directory]::CreateDirectory($stage) | Out-Null
+Write-Host "Synthetic recompilation workspace: $stage"
+
+# Copy current sources, including uncommitted edits, but no ignored build output.
+# An isolated workspace preserves the developer's real generated/ directory.
+$sourceFiles = & git -C $repoRoot -c core.quotepath=false ls-files --cached --others --exclude-standard -- runtime aurora-main
+if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw 'Could not enumerate runtime and Aurora sources.' }
+foreach ($relative in $sourceFiles | Sort-Object -Unique) {
+    $destination = Join-Path $stage $relative
+    [IO.Directory]::CreateDirectory([IO.Path]::GetDirectoryName($destination)) | Out-Null
+    Copy-Item -LiteralPath (Join-Path $repoRoot $relative) -Destination $destination
+}
+
+# One synthetic text section: li r3,40; addi r3,r3,2; nop; blr.
+# Native HLE wrappers also call these eight guest symbols directly. Give each
+# its own generated blr function so the real product can link without game code.
+# Keep this list explicit: a new unresolved guest dependency must fail the test.
+[uint32]$entry = 0x80001000L
+[uint32[]]$guestCallbacks = @(
+    0x8012B830L, 0x801A0620L, 0x801A1ED8L, 0x801A961CL,
+    0x801AADE0L, 0x801D8D30L, 0x801D9E94L, 0x8055531CL
+)
+$textSize = [int]($guestCallbacks[-1] - $entry + 4)
+$dataOffset = 0x100 + $textSize
+$dol = [byte[]]::new($dataOffset + 4)
+function Write-BigEndian32([int]$Offset, [uint32]$Value) {
+    $dol[$Offset] = [byte](($Value -shr 24) -band 255)
+    $dol[$Offset + 1] = [byte](($Value -shr 16) -band 255)
+    $dol[$Offset + 2] = [byte](($Value -shr 8) -band 255)
+    $dol[$Offset + 3] = [byte]($Value -band 255)
+}
+Write-BigEndian32 0x00 0x100       # text[0] file offset
+Write-BigEndian32 0x48 $entry      # text[0] guest address
+Write-BigEndian32 0x90 $textSize   # text[0] length (unreachable gaps are zero)
+Write-BigEndian32 0x1C $dataOffset # data[0] file offset
+Write-BigEndian32 0x64 0x80600000L # data[0] guest address
+Write-BigEndian32 0xAC 4           # data[0] length
+Write-BigEndian32 0xD8 0x80601000L # BSS address
+Write-BigEndian32 0xDC 32          # BSS length
+Write-BigEndian32 0xE0 $entry      # entry point
+Write-BigEndian32 0x100 0x38600028 # li r3,40
+Write-BigEndian32 0x104 0x38630002 # addi r3,r3,2
+Write-BigEndian32 0x108 0x60000000 # nop
+Write-BigEndian32 0x10C 0x4E800020 # blr
+foreach ($address in $guestCallbacks) {
+    Write-BigEndian32 ([int](0x100 + $address - $entry)) 0x4E800020
+}
+Write-BigEndian32 $dataOffset 0x12345678
+[IO.File]::WriteAllBytes((Join-Path $stage 'synthetic.dol'), $dol)
+$entryPoints = (@($entry) + $guestCallbacks | ForEach-Object { '0x{0:X8}' -f $_ }) -join ', '
+$functionMap = (@($entry) + $guestCallbacks | ForEach-Object { '{0:X8} func_{0:X8}' -f $_ }) -join "`n"
+[IO.File]::WriteAllText((Join-Path $stage 'synthetic-functions.txt'), $functionMap)
+$manifest = Join-Path $stage 'recomp.yml'
+[IO.File]::WriteAllText($manifest, @"
+schema_version: 1
+workspace_root: .
+project:
+  id: ci-synthetic-dol
+  display_name: CI Synthetic DOL
+memory:
+  base: 0x80000000
+  size: 0x01800000
+  sda_base: 0x80600000
+  sda2_base: 0x80600000
+inputs:
+  dol:
+    path: synthetic.dol
+translation:
+  entry_points: [$entryPoints]
+  function_map:
+    path: synthetic-functions.txt
+  allow_unsupported_instructions: false
+runtime:
+  native_abi_directories: []
+  native_registration_root: runtime/src
+output:
+  root: generated
+"@)
+
+$translatorProject = Join-Path $repoRoot 'translator/src/Translator.Cli/Translator.Cli.csproj'
+Invoke-Checked $dotnet @('build', $translatorProject, '-c', 'Release', '--disable-build-servers') 'Building the translator'
+$translator = Join-Path $repoRoot 'translator/src/Translator.Cli/bin/Release/net8.0/Translator.Cli.dll'
+$metadata = Join-Path $stage 'generated/base_translation_output.json'
+Invoke-Checked $dotnet @($translator, 'translate-recursive', '0x80001000', '--project', $manifest,
+    '--output-metadata', $metadata, '--threads', "$Parallel") `
+    'Translating the synthetic DOL'
+# Function-map seeds can be skipped by discovery; do not accept a partial fixture.
+$translated = Get-Content -LiteralPath $metadata -Raw | ConvertFrom-Json
+foreach ($address in @($entry) + $guestCallbacks) {
+    if ($address -notin $translated.functions.entryPoint) {
+        throw ('Synthetic function 0x{0:X8} was not translated.' -f $address)
+    }
+}
+Invoke-Checked $dotnet @($translator, 'generate-data-init', '--project', $manifest) 'Generating synthetic data and runtime configuration'
+Invoke-Checked $dotnet @($translator, 'emit-build-shards', '--project', $manifest) 'Emitting the production build graph'
+
+$nativeBuild = Join-Path $stage 'native-build'
+$oldPath = $env:PATH
+try {
+    $env:PATH = Get-MkwToolchainPath $portableTools
+    $configure = Get-MkwNativeConfigureArguments -SourceDirectory (Join-Path $stage 'runtime') -BuildDirectory $nativeBuild `
+        -Ninja $ninja -CCompiler (Join-Path $compilerBin 'x86_64-w64-mingw32-clang.exe') `
+        -CxxCompiler (Join-Path $compilerBin 'x86_64-w64-mingw32-clang++.exe') `
+        -ResourceCompiler (Join-Path $compilerBin 'x86_64-w64-mingw32-windres.exe') `
+        -DependenciesDirectory $dependencies -AdditionalArguments @('-DMKW_BUILD_PRODUCTS=ON')
+    Invoke-Checked $cmake $configure 'Configuring the production Windows runtime'
+    Invoke-Checked $cmake @('--build', $nativeBuild, '--target', 'WiiCompiled', '--parallel', "$Parallel") `
+        'Compiling and linking the synthetic product with the full runtime'
+    Assert-File (Join-Path $nativeBuild 'WiiCompiled.exe') 'Linked synthetic product'
+} finally {
+    $env:PATH = $oldPath
+}
+Write-Host 'Synthetic recompilation passed (translation, data generation, runtime compilation, and product link).'

Launcher/WiiCompiled.Setup.Common.Cli/WiiCompiled.Setup.Common.Cli.csproj

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
     <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
     <RootNamespace>WiiCompiled.Setup.Common.Cli</RootNamespace>
     <AssemblyName>WiiCompiled.Setup.Common.Cli</AssemblyName>
-    <Version>0.2.22</Version>
+    <Version>0.2.31</Version>
     <Authors>patchzy</Authors>
     <Product>WiiCompiled</Product>
     <Description>Packaging-time helper: resolves (downloading if needed) the nodtool binary bundled by build-appimage.sh and Build-Installer.ps1</Description>

Launcher/WiiCompiled.Setup.Common/WiiCompiled.Setup.Common.csproj

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
     <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
     <RootNamespace>WiiCompiled.Setup.Common</RootNamespace>
     <AssemblyName>WiiCompiled.Setup.Common</AssemblyName>
-    <Version>0.2.22</Version>
+    <Version>0.2.31</Version>
     <Authors>patchzy</Authors>
     <Product>WiiCompiled</Product>
     <Description>Shared nodtool/Retro-WFC-payload logic used by both the Windows and Linux installers</Description>

Launcher/WiiCompiled.Setup.Linux/Models.cs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ namespace WiiCompiled.Setup.Linux;
 internal static class ProductInfo
 {
     public const string Name = "WiiCompiled";
-    public const string Version = "0.2.22";
+    public const string Version = "0.2.31";
 }
 
 /// <summary>One installed product's record inside install-state.json.</summary>

Launcher/WiiCompiled.Setup.Linux/WiiCompiled.Setup.Linux.csproj

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
     <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
     <AssemblyName>WiiCompiled.Setup.Linux</AssemblyName>
     <RootNamespace>WiiCompiled.Setup.Linux</RootNamespace>
-    <Version>0.2.22</Version>
+    <Version>0.2.31</Version>
     <Authors>patchzy</Authors>
     <Product>WiiCompiled</Product>
     <Description>Command-line installer and launcher for WiiCompiled on Linux</Description>

Launcher/WiiCompiled.Setup.Windows/InstallerEngine.cs

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@ internal sealed class InstallerEngine
         var existing = new Installation(installDirectory);
 
         PortableInstallHealing.HealMovedInstall(existing, _reporter);
+        // Capture this before publishing anything. An existing installation may be repaired or
+        // updated by this invocation, but those operations must not recreate the user's shortcuts.
+        var firstInstall = !existing.IsPresent;
         var previousState = existing.ReadInstallState();
         using var scratch = Directory.Exists(installDirectory)
             ? InstallScratchSpace.CreateInsideInstall(installDirectory, _reporter)
@@ -139,7 +142,7 @@ internal sealed class InstallerEngine
                     updatedState.RetroRewindInstalled, candidateRuntimeAssetsFingerprint,
                     remainingCancellation);
             Publish(staging, installDirectory, canonicalRetroRoot, updatedState,
-                releaseEntries, remainingCancellation);
+                releaseEntries, remainingCancellation, createShortcuts: firstInstall);
             return;
         }
 
@@ -161,7 +164,8 @@ internal sealed class InstallerEngine
 
         await PublishToolkitAndReconcileProductsAsync(existing, staging, workspace, manifest,
             previousState, options, canonicalRetroRoot, retroCompileInputs,
-            publishGameAssets: reusableGameAssets is null, cancellationToken);
+            publishGameAssets: reusableGameAssets is null, createShortcuts: firstInstall,
+            cancellationToken: cancellationToken);
     }
 
 
@@ -186,7 +190,7 @@ internal sealed class InstallerEngine
         string stagedWorkspace, PayloadManifest manifest, InstallState? previousState,
         InstallOptions options, string? canonicalRetroRoot,
         RetroRewindCompileInputs? retroCompileInputs,
-        bool publishGameAssets, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        bool publishGameAssets, bool createShortcuts, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
         var installDirectory = existing.Root;
 
@@ -214,7 +218,8 @@ internal sealed class InstallerEngine
         if (publishGameAssets) AddComponent(entries, staging, installDirectory, "GameAssets");
 
         Publish(staging, installDirectory, canonicalRetroRoot, state,
-            entries, cancellationToken, progressPercent: 8, completionPercent: 10);
+            entries, cancellationToken, progressPercent: 8, completionPercent: 10,
+            createShortcuts: createShortcuts);
 
         _reporter.Progress(InstallStages.BuildBase,
             "Producing the installed products with the published toolkit...", 11);
@@ -277,7 +282,7 @@ internal sealed class InstallerEngine
     private void Publish(string staging, string installDirectory,
         string? canonicalRetroRoot, InstallState state,
         List<InstallTransactionEntry> entries, CancellationToken cancellationToken,
-        int progressPercent = 95, int completionPercent = 99)
+        int progressPercent = 95, int completionPercent = 99, bool createShortcuts = false)
     {
         entries.Add(InstallTransactionEntry.Directory(Path.Combine(staging, "licenses"),
             Path.Combine(installDirectory, "licenses")));
@@ -322,7 +327,8 @@ internal sealed class InstallerEngine
             {
                 ShellIntegration.RegisterUninstaller(installDirectory, state.RetroRewindInstalled);
             }
-            ShellIntegration.CreateShortcuts(installDirectory);
+            if (createShortcuts)
+                ShellIntegration.CreateShortcuts(installDirectory);
         }
         catch (Exception ex)
         {

Launcher/WiiCompiled.Setup.Windows/Program.cs

@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ internal static class PlatformChecks
 internal static class ProductInfo
 {
     public const string Name = "WiiCompiled";
-    public const string Version = "0.2.26";
+    public const string Version = "0.2.31";
 
     /// <summary>
     /// The setup executable is copied into the installation under this name. It is the launcher and

Launcher/WiiCompiled.Setup.Windows/WiiCompiled.Setup.Windows.csproj

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
     <AssemblyName>WiiCompiled.Setup</AssemblyName>
     <RootNamespace>WiiCompiled.Setup.Windows</RootNamespace>
     <ApplicationManifest>app.manifest</ApplicationManifest>
-    <Version>0.2.26</Version>
+    <Version>0.2.31</Version>
     <Authors>patchzy</Authors>
     <Product>WiiCompiled</Product>
     <Description>Command-line installer and launcher for WiiCompiled</Description>

Launcher/prepare-portable-tools.sh

@@ -201,10 +201,10 @@ Ninja $ninja_version
   Apache License 2.0
 EOF
 
-echo "prepare-portable-tools.sh: smoke-testing the toolchain..."
+echo "prepare-portable-tools.sh: testing the toolchain..."
-smoke_dir=$(mktemp -d)
+test_dir=$(mktemp -d)
-trap 'rm -rf "$smoke_dir"' EXIT
+trap 'rm -rf "$test_dir"' EXIT
-cat > "$smoke_dir/t.cpp" <<'EOF'
+cat > "$test_dir/t.cpp" <<'EOF'
 #include <vector>
 #include <cstdio>
 int main() {
@@ -214,23 +214,23 @@ int main() {
     return sum == 6 ? 0 : 1;
 }
 EOF
-"$work/bin/clang++" -std=c++20 -fuse-ld=lld "$smoke_dir/t.cpp" -o "$smoke_dir/t"
+"$work/bin/clang++" -std=c++20 -fuse-ld=lld "$test_dir/t.cpp" -o "$test_dir/t"
-"$smoke_dir/t"
+"$test_dir/t"
 
 # Also exercised together through CMake+Ninja, exactly how local-build.sh drives them - a plain
 # clang++ invocation above would not catch a broken CMAKE_ROOT (Modules/Templates) or a Ninja that
 # can't find the compiler.
-cat > "$smoke_dir/CMakeLists.txt" <<'EOF'
+cat > "$test_dir/CMakeLists.txt" <<'EOF'
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.16)
-project(smoke CXX)
+project(test CXX)
-add_executable(smoke t.cpp)
+add_executable(test t.cpp)
 EOF
-"$work/bin/cmake" -S "$smoke_dir" -B "$smoke_dir/build" -G Ninja \
+"$work/bin/cmake" -S "$test_dir" -B "$test_dir/build" -G Ninja \
     -DCMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM="$work/bin/ninja" -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER="$work/bin/clang++" >/dev/null
-"$work/bin/cmake" --build "$smoke_dir/build" >/dev/null
+"$work/bin/cmake" --build "$test_dir/build" >/dev/null
-"$smoke_dir/build/smoke"
+"$test_dir/build/test"
 
-rm -rf "$smoke_dir"
+rm -rf "$test_dir"
 trap - EXIT
 
 mv "$work" "$toolchain_dir"

README.md

@@ -46,7 +46,9 @@ Press **F10** while the game window has focus:
 - Internal resolution
 - FPS counter
 - Controller assignment for all four ports
-- Full per-controller button mapping
+- Full per-controller button mapping, including the bumpers
+- Dolphin-syntax input expressions and GCPadNew.ini import
+- Controller vibration on/off
 - Volume, instant mute, and the music ducking toggle
 
 Everything you change is saved to `Config.toml` on the spot and restored next launch.
@@ -56,25 +58,20 @@ Controllers are fed to the game as a GameCube controller.
 Mappings are positional (`south`, `east`, `west`, `north`) rather than Xbox-labelled, so the
 same config makes sense on Xbox, PlayStation, Nintendo and generic SDL pads alike, and extra
 inputs like paddles, touchpads and share buttons show up when the hardware reports them.
+
+**Dolphin-compatible input expressions.** 
+Each GameCube control can carry an expression in Dolphin's input syntax, with the same operators
+and the same functions.
+A Dolphin `GCPadNew.ini` can be imported directly from the F10 bar.
+
+**Vibration toggle.** 
+Force feedback can be turned off for every port at once.
 The official Wii U / Switch GameCube adapter (WUP-028) works too; as with Dolphin, on Windows the
 adapter must be switched to the WinUSB driver once (Zadig).
 
 **Real Wii Remotes over Bluetooth.**
 Pair a Wii Remote with Windows (Settings > Bluetooth > Add device, press 1+2 or SYNC, leave the
-PIN empty) and the game reads it as an actual Wii Remote through KPAD: Wii Remote icons and
+PIN empty)
-prompts, Wii Wheel tilt steering, wheelies and tricks all come from the game's own motion code.
-Nunchuk and Classic Controller are real Wii extensions too: the game gets the Nunchuk's stick,
-C/Z and accelerometer, and the Classic Controller through `KPADGetUnifiedWpadStatus` with its own
-layout and icons, so its buttons do what the game says they do and no mapping is involved. Plug an
-extension in or pull it out mid-game and the game switches control scheme like on the console
-(the runtime patches SDL's Wii driver, which otherwise loses the remote for good on an extension
-change). Only the Wii U Pro Controller, which has no Wii-era equivalent, is fed to the game as a
-GameCube pad with Nintendo's layout. If a remote drops out or was switched on after launch, the
-runtime keeps rescanning Bluetooth until it comes back (F10 > Controller settings > Wii Remotes). SDL's read of
-the remote's factory accelerometer calibration often times out over Bluetooth (`console.log`
-then says "Using fallback accelerometer calibration") and it falls back to a nominal zero point,
-so the same menu has a one-button calibration (remote flat, buttons up) that removes the small
-tilt offset some remotes show.
 
 Known limitations of the Wii Remote path:
 - No IR pointer yet: menus are navigated with the D-pad and A (the game treats the remote as

aurora-main/lib/input.cpp

@@ -401,6 +401,8 @@ SDL_JoystickID add_controller(SDL_JoystickID which) noexcept {
       return -1;
     }
     controller.m_isGameCube = controller.m_vid == 0x057E && controller.m_pid == 0x0337;
+    const char* serial = SDL_GetGamepadSerial(ctrl);
+    controller.m_gameCubeUseOrdinaryStop = controller.m_isGameCube && serial && "GCP+"sv == serial;
     if (controller.m_isGameCube ||
         (SDL_GetGamepadType(ctrl) == SDL_GAMEPAD_TYPE_NINTENDO_SWITCH_PRO && controller.m_pid == 0x2073)) {
       controller.m_deadZones.emulateTriggers = false;
@@ -481,6 +483,13 @@ bool controller_has_rumble(Uint32 instance) noexcept {
 void controller_rumble(uint32_t instance, uint16_t low_freq_intensity, uint16_t high_freq_intensity,
                        uint16_t duration_ms) noexcept {
   if (auto it = g_GameControllers.find(instance); it != g_GameControllers.end()) {
+    // GC Pocket+ has been observed continuing to vibrate after a hard stop;
+    // an ordinary stop cleared it. With GAMECUBE_RUMBLE_BRAKE enabled, SDL
+    // encodes (0, 1) as adapter command 0, whereas (0, 0) sends command 2.
+    // Apply the workaround here so shutdown uses the same stop as PAD calls.
+    if (it->second.m_gameCubeUseOrdinaryStop && low_freq_intensity == 0 && high_freq_intensity == 0) {
+      high_freq_intensity = 1;
+    }
     SDL_RumbleGamepad(it->second.m_controller, low_freq_intensity, high_freq_intensity, duration_ms);
   }
 }

aurora-main/lib/input.hpp

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ extern Module Log;
 struct GameController {
   SDL_Gamepad* m_controller = nullptr;
   bool m_isGameCube = false;
+  bool m_gameCubeUseOrdinaryStop = false;
   Sint32 m_index = -1;
   Sint32 m_playerIndex = -1;
   bool m_hasRumble = false;

runtime/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -277,6 +277,32 @@ target_link_libraries(mkw_platform_paths_tests PRIVATE mkw_platform)
 target_compile_features(mkw_platform_paths_tests PRIVATE cxx_std_17)
 add_test(NAME mkw_platform_paths_tests COMMAND mkw_platform_paths_tests)
 
+add_executable(mkw_nand_save_tests "${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/tests/nand_save_tests.cpp")
+target_include_directories(mkw_nand_save_tests PRIVATE "${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/include")
+target_compile_features(mkw_nand_save_tests PRIVATE cxx_std_17)
+add_test(NAME mkw_nand_save_tests COMMAND mkw_nand_save_tests)
+
+add_executable(mkw_nand_settings_tests "${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/tests/nand_settings_tests.cpp")
+find_package(Threads REQUIRED)
+target_link_libraries(mkw_nand_settings_tests PRIVATE Threads::Threads)
+target_include_directories(mkw_nand_settings_tests PRIVATE "${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/include")
+target_compile_features(mkw_nand_settings_tests PRIVATE cxx_std_17)
+add_test(NAME mkw_nand_settings_tests COMMAND mkw_nand_settings_tests)
+
+add_executable(mkw_sc_serial_tests "${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/tests/sc_serial_tests.cpp")
+target_include_directories(mkw_sc_serial_tests PRIVATE "${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/include")
+target_compile_features(mkw_sc_serial_tests PRIVATE cxx_std_17)
+add_test(NAME mkw_sc_serial_tests COMMAND mkw_sc_serial_tests)
+
+# The input expression engine is self-contained, so it can be exercised without
+# linking the runtime or SDL.
+add_executable(mkw_input_expr_tests
+    "${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/tests/test_expr.cpp"
+    "${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/src/input_expr.cpp")
+target_include_directories(mkw_input_expr_tests PRIVATE "${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/include")
+target_compile_features(mkw_input_expr_tests PRIVATE cxx_std_17)
+add_test(NAME mkw_input_expr_tests COMMAND mkw_input_expr_tests)
+
 # HostContext deliberately keeps the platform-specific context primitive out
 # of fiber_manager.cpp. Exercise the Linux libco handoff directly so future
 # refactors cannot silently remove its headers, implementation, or link edge.

runtime/include/console_identity.h

@@ -1,38 +1,28 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "runtime_config.h"
+#include "nand_path.h"
+#include "nand_settings.h"
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
-#include <cctype>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
-#include <filesystem>
-#include <fstream>
 #include <iomanip>
-#include <optional>
-#include <random>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string>
-#include <string_view>
 #include <utility>
 
 namespace RuntimeConsoleIdentity {
 
 struct Identity {
     std::string serial;
+    std::string productCode;
+    std::string area;
+    std::string gameRegion;
     std::array<uint8_t, 6> mac;
 };
 
-inline bool IsValidSerial(const std::string& serial) {
-    return serial.size() == 9 &&
-           serial != "000000000" &&
-           std::all_of(serial.begin(), serial.end(),
-                       [](unsigned char value) { return std::isdigit(value) != 0; });
-}
-
 inline Identity FromSerial(std::string serial) {
-    // Keep Nintendo's Wii OUI. The suffix is derived from the persisted serial
+    // Keep Nintendo's Wii OUI. The suffix is derived from the NAND serial
     // so every API exposes one coherent, stable virtual-console identity.
     uint32_t hash = 2166136261u;
     for (const unsigned char value : serial) {
@@ -46,6 +36,7 @@ inline Identity FromSerial(std::string serial) {
 
     return {
         std::move(serial),
+        {}, {}, {},
         {
             0x00,
             0x09,
@@ -57,83 +48,23 @@ inline Identity FromSerial(std::string serial) {
     };
 }
 
-inline std::optional<std::string> ReadSerial(const std::filesystem::path& path) {
+inline Identity LoadFromNand() {
-    std::ifstream input(path);
+    const auto root = RuntimeNandPath::DiscoverNandRootPath();
-    std::string line;
+    const auto settings = RuntimeNandSettings::Read(root);
-    if (!input || !std::getline(input, line)) {
+    if (!settings || !RuntimeNandSettings::HasIdentity(*settings)) {
-        return std::nullopt;
+        RuntimeNandPath::FailNandRoot(
+            "NAND setting.txt is missing or has invalid console identity fields (SERNO, CODE, AREA, GAME)",
+            root / "title/00000001/00000002/data/setting.txt");
     }
-    constexpr std::string_view prefix = "serial=";
+    Identity identity = FromSerial(settings->at("SERNO"));
-    if (line.rfind(prefix, 0) != 0) {
+    identity.productCode = settings->at("CODE");
-        return std::nullopt;
+    identity.area = settings->at("AREA");
-    }
+    identity.gameRegion = settings->at("GAME");
-    std::string serial = line.substr(prefix.size());
+    return identity;
-    if (!IsValidSerial(serial)) {
-        return std::nullopt;
-    }
-    return serial;
-}
-
-inline bool WriteSerial(const std::filesystem::path& path, const std::string& serial) {
-    std::error_code ec;
-    std::filesystem::create_directories(path.parent_path(), ec);
-    if (ec) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    std::filesystem::path temporary = path;
-    temporary += ".tmp";
-    {
-        std::ofstream output(temporary, std::ios::trunc);
-        if (!output) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        output << "serial=" << serial << '\n';
-        output.close();
-        if (!output) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    std::filesystem::rename(temporary, path, ec);
-    if (!ec) {
-        return true;
-    }
-    std::filesystem::remove(temporary, ec);
-    return false;
-}
-
-inline std::string GenerateSerial() {
-    std::random_device entropy;
-    std::seed_seq seed{
-        entropy(),
-        entropy(),
-        entropy(),
-        entropy(),
-    };
-    std::mt19937 generator(seed);
-    std::uniform_int_distribution<uint32_t> distribution(100000000u, 999999999u);
-    return std::to_string(distribution(generator));
-}
-
-inline Identity LoadOrCreate(const std::filesystem::path& path) {
-    if (const auto serial = ReadSerial(path)) {
-        return FromSerial(*serial);
-    }
-
-    const std::string generated = GenerateSerial();
-    if (WriteSerial(path, generated)) {
-        return FromSerial(generated);
-    }
-
-    // Remain operational in a read-only environment. This fallback matches
-    // Dolphin's deterministic serial while keeping the same valid identity shape.
-    return FromSerial("123456789");
 }
 
 inline const Identity& Current() {
-    static const Identity identity =
+    static const Identity identity = LoadFromNand();
-        LoadOrCreate(RuntimeConfigFile::ApplicationDataDirectory() / "ConsoleIdentity.txt");
     return identity;
 }
 

runtime/include/controller_button_names.h

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// The single vocabulary shared by everything that has to turn a Config.toml
+// controller name into a real button: the F10 settings bar, the macro engine,
+// and the startup mapping pass. Keeping one table here means a name that the
+// settings bar offers is always a name the config parser accepts, and vice
+// versa; the two used to drift because each side carried its own copy.
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+
+#include <SDL3/SDL_gamepad.h>
+#include <dolphin/pad.h>
+
+namespace ControllerNames {
+
+// A GameCube button as the game sees it, with the Config.toml key that selects
+// it. Order matches RuntimeConfigFile::kControllerButtonKeys.
+struct GameCubeButtonItem {
+    const char* configKey;
+    const char* label;
+    PADButton padButton;
+};
+
+inline constexpr std::array<GameCubeButtonItem, PAD_BUTTON_COUNT> kGameCubeButtons = {{
+    {"a", "A", PAD_BUTTON_A},
+    {"b", "B", PAD_BUTTON_B},
+    {"x", "X", PAD_BUTTON_X},
+    {"y", "Y", PAD_BUTTON_Y},
+    {"start", "Start", PAD_BUTTON_START},
+    {"z", "Z", PAD_TRIGGER_Z},
+    {"l", "L", PAD_TRIGGER_L},
+    {"r", "R", PAD_TRIGGER_R},
+    {"up", "D-pad Up", PAD_BUTTON_UP},
+    {"down", "D-pad Down", PAD_BUTTON_DOWN},
+    {"left", "D-pad Left", PAD_BUTTON_LEFT},
+    {"right", "D-pad Right", PAD_BUTTON_RIGHT},
+}};
+
+// A physical button on the host pad. Names are positional (south/east/...)
+// rather than Xbox-labelled so one config reads the same on any hardware.
+struct NativeButtonItem {
+    const char* configName;
+    const char* label;
+    uint32_t nativeButton;
+};
+
+inline constexpr std::array<NativeButtonItem, SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_COUNT + 1> kNativeButtons = {{
+    {"unmapped", "Unmapped / analog trigger", PAD_NATIVE_BUTTON_INVALID},
+    {"south", "South (A / Cross)", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_SOUTH},
+    {"east", "East (B / Circle)", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_EAST},
+    {"west", "West (X / Square)", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_WEST},
+    {"north", "North (Y / Triangle)", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_NORTH},
+    {"back", "Back / Select / Create", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_BACK},
+    {"guide", "Guide / Home / PS", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_GUIDE},
+    {"start", "Start / Options", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_START},
+    {"left_stick", "Left stick click (L3)", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_LEFT_STICK},
+    {"right_stick", "Right stick click (R3)", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_RIGHT_STICK},
+    {"left_shoulder", "Left bumper (LB / L1)", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_LEFT_SHOULDER},
+    {"right_shoulder", "Right bumper (RB / R1)", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_RIGHT_SHOULDER},
+    {"dpad_up", "D-pad Up", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_DPAD_UP},
+    {"dpad_down", "D-pad Down", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_DPAD_DOWN},
+    {"dpad_left", "D-pad Left", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_DPAD_LEFT},
+    {"dpad_right", "D-pad Right", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_DPAD_RIGHT},
+    {"misc1", "Misc 1 / Share / Mic", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_MISC1},
+    {"right_paddle1", "Right paddle 1", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_RIGHT_PADDLE1},
+    {"left_paddle1", "Left paddle 1", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_LEFT_PADDLE1},
+    {"right_paddle2", "Right paddle 2", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_RIGHT_PADDLE2},
+    {"left_paddle2", "Left paddle 2", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_LEFT_PADDLE2},
+    {"touchpad", "Touchpad click", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_TOUCHPAD},
+    {"misc2", "Misc 2", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_MISC2},
+    {"misc3", "Misc 3 / GC L click", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_MISC3},
+    {"misc4", "Misc 4 / GC R click", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_MISC4},
+    {"misc5", "Misc 5", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_MISC5},
+    {"misc6", "Misc 6", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_MISC6},
+}};
+
+inline std::string TrimToken(std::string_view token) {
+    const size_t begin = token.find_first_not_of(" \t");
+    if (begin == std::string_view::npos) {
+        return {};
+    }
+    const size_t end = token.find_last_not_of(" \t");
+    return std::string(token.substr(begin, end - begin + 1));
+}
+
+inline const NativeButtonItem* FindNativeButton(std::string_view configName) {
+    const std::string name = TrimToken(configName);
+    const auto it = std::find_if(kNativeButtons.begin(), kNativeButtons.end(),
+                                 [&](const NativeButtonItem& item) { return name == item.configName; });
+    return it == kNativeButtons.end() ? nullptr : &*it;
+}
+
+// Falls back to the "unmapped" entry so callers always have a label to draw.
+inline const NativeButtonItem& NativeButtonForValue(uint32_t nativeButton) {
+    const auto it = std::find_if(kNativeButtons.begin(), kNativeButtons.end(),
+                                 [&](const NativeButtonItem& item) { return nativeButton == item.nativeButton; });
+    return it == kNativeButtons.end() ? kNativeButtons.front() : *it;
+}
+
+inline const GameCubeButtonItem* FindGameCubeButton(std::string_view configKey) {
+    const std::string key = TrimToken(configKey);
+    const auto it = std::find_if(kGameCubeButtons.begin(), kGameCubeButtons.end(),
+                                 [&](const GameCubeButtonItem& item) { return key == item.configKey; });
+    return it == kGameCubeButtons.end() ? nullptr : &*it;
+}
+
+// "up" or "up,a" -> the OR of those GC button bits. Unknown names are skipped so
+// a typo costs one button instead of the whole macro.
+inline uint16_t GameCubeMaskFromKeys(std::string_view keys) {
+    uint16_t mask = 0;
+    size_t begin = 0;
+    while (begin <= keys.size()) {
+        const size_t comma = keys.find(',', begin);
+        const std::string_view token =
+            keys.substr(begin, comma == std::string_view::npos ? std::string_view::npos : comma - begin);
+        if (const GameCubeButtonItem* item = FindGameCubeButton(token)) {
+            mask |= static_cast<uint16_t>(item->padButton);
+        }
+        if (comma == std::string_view::npos) {
+            break;
+        }
+        begin = comma + 1;
+    }
+    return mask;
+}
+
+inline std::string GameCubeKeysFromMask(uint16_t mask) {
+    std::string keys;
+    for (const auto& item : kGameCubeButtons) {
+        if ((mask & static_cast<uint16_t>(item.padButton)) == 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (!keys.empty()) {
+            keys += ',';
+        }
+        keys += item.configKey;
+    }
+    return keys;
+}
+
+inline std::string GameCubeLabelsFromMask(uint16_t mask) {
+    std::string labels;
+    for (const auto& item : kGameCubeButtons) {
+        if ((mask & static_cast<uint16_t>(item.padButton)) == 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (!labels.empty()) {
+            labels += " + ";
+        }
+        labels += item.label;
+    }
+    return labels.empty() ? std::string("None") : labels;
+}
+
+} // namespace ControllerNames

runtime/include/input_bindings.h

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// Per-port expression bindings for the GameCube controls, plus import of a
+// Dolphin GCPadNew.ini.
+
+#include <array>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <dolphin/pad.h>
+
+namespace InputBindings {
+
+// The controls an expression can drive, in Dolphin's own naming so an
+// imported config maps across without translation.
+struct ControlInfo {
+    const char* dolphinName;
+    const char* label;
+    uint16_t padButton;   // 0 for the analog-only controls below
+    int analog;           // 0 none, 1 trigger L, 2 trigger R
+};
+
+inline constexpr std::array<ControlInfo, 14> kControls = {{
+    {"Buttons/A", "A", PAD_BUTTON_A, 0},
+    {"Buttons/B", "B", PAD_BUTTON_B, 0},
+    {"Buttons/X", "X", PAD_BUTTON_X, 0},
+    {"Buttons/Y", "Y", PAD_BUTTON_Y, 0},
+    {"Buttons/Z", "Z", PAD_TRIGGER_Z, 0},
+    {"Buttons/Start", "Start", PAD_BUTTON_START, 0},
+    {"D-Pad/Up", "D-pad Up", PAD_BUTTON_UP, 0},
+    {"D-Pad/Down", "D-pad Down", PAD_BUTTON_DOWN, 0},
+    {"D-Pad/Left", "D-pad Left", PAD_BUTTON_LEFT, 0},
+    {"D-Pad/Right", "D-pad Right", PAD_BUTTON_RIGHT, 0},
+    {"Triggers/L", "L", PAD_TRIGGER_L, 1},
+    {"Triggers/R", "R", PAD_TRIGGER_R, 2},
+    {"Triggers/L-Analog", "L analog", 0, 1},
+    {"Triggers/R-Analog", "R analog", 0, 2},
+}};
+
+void Reload() noexcept;
+
+// The pad library has PADBlockInput but no matching query, so the settings
+// overlay reports its own state here.
+void SetInputBlocked(bool blocked) noexcept;
+bool InputBlocked() noexcept;
+
+// Mix expression output into a freshly read status set. Call once per guest
+// PADRead, after every other input source has been merged.
+void Apply(PADStatus* statuses) noexcept;
+
+std::string GetExpression(uint32_t port, size_t control) noexcept;
+// Returns false and fills error if the text does not parse; the binding is
+// left unchanged in that case.
+bool SetExpression(uint32_t port, size_t control, const std::string& text, std::string& error) noexcept;
+
+// True while the control's expression is above the press threshold.
+bool IsActive(uint32_t port, size_t control) noexcept;
+
+// The default Dolphin config location on Windows, then next to the executable.
+std::string DefaultDolphinConfigPath() noexcept;
+
+// Imports [GCPad<padIndex>] into the given port. Returns the number of controls
+// imported, or -1 on failure with error filled.
+int ImportDolphinConfig(const std::string& path, int padIndex, uint32_t port,
+                        std::string& summary, std::string& error) noexcept;
+
+} // namespace InputBindings

runtime/include/input_expr.h

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// Dolphin-compatible input expressions.
+//
+// Values are doubles in Dolphin's ControlState style; a control counts as
+// pressed above kConditionThreshold. Timing matches Dolphin: wall-clock
+// seconds on a steady clock, so an expression copied from GCPadNew.ini
+// behaves the same here as it does there.
+
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <functional>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace InputExpr {
+
+inline constexpr double kConditionThreshold = 0.5;
+
+// Resolves a backtick-quoted input name to its current value.
+using InputSource = std::function<double(const std::string&)>;
+
+struct Node;
+
+class Expression {
+public:
+    Expression();
+    ~Expression();
+    Expression(Expression&&) noexcept;
+    Expression& operator=(Expression&&) noexcept;
+
+    // Returns false and fills error on a syntax problem.
+    static bool Parse(const std::string& text, Expression& out, std::string& error);
+
+    bool Empty() const { return m_root == nullptr; }
+    double Evaluate(const InputSource& source) const;
+
+    // Input names the expression references, for diagnostics.
+    std::vector<std::string> ReferencedInputs() const;
+
+private:
+    std::unique_ptr<Node> m_root;
+};
+
+// Parses a Dolphin GCPadNew.ini and returns the expression text for each
+// control of the requested pad, keyed by Dolphin's own control names
+// ("Buttons/A", "D-Pad/Up", "Triggers/L", ...). Returns false if the file
+// cannot be read or the section is missing.
+bool ReadDolphinConfig(const std::filesystem::path& path, int padIndex,
+                       std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>>& controls,
+                       std::string& deviceName, std::string& error);
+
+} // namespace InputExpr

runtime/include/nand_path.h

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "runtime_config.h"
+#include "nand_settings.h"
 #include "runtime_log.h"
 #include "system_bridge.h"
 
@@ -163,7 +164,7 @@ inline std::filesystem::path CreateManagedNandRoot() {
     return root;
 }
 
-inline std::filesystem::path DiscoverNandRootPath() {
+inline std::filesystem::path ResolveNandRootPath() {
     const std::string configPath = RuntimeConfigFile::NandRoot();
     if (!configPath.empty()) {
         const auto path = ResolveConfiguredPath(configPath);
@@ -179,4 +180,16 @@ inline std::filesystem::path DiscoverNandRootPath() {
     return CreateManagedNandRoot();
 }
 
+inline std::filesystem::path DiscoverNandRootPath() {
+    static const auto root = [] {
+        const auto resolved = ResolveNandRootPath();
+        std::string error;
+        if (!RuntimeNandSettings::Ensure(resolved, error)) {
+            FailNandRoot(error.c_str(), RuntimeNandSettings::FilePath(resolved));
+        }
+        return resolved;
+    }();
+    return root;
+}
+
 } // namespace RuntimeNandPath

runtime/include/nand_save_probe.h

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <istream>
+
+namespace RuntimeNandSave {
+
+enum class Contents { Missing, Blank, Nonzero, Error };
+enum class ReadAction { Proceed, Missing, Error, RecoveryNeeded };
+
+// A failed read is not evidence that a save is blank. Check badbit before EOF:
+// an I/O failure may set both, whereas a successful short final read sets EOF.
+inline Contents InspectStream(std::istream& input) {
+    if (!input) return Contents::Error;
+    char block[4096];
+    for (;;) {
+        input.read(block, sizeof(block));
+        if (input.bad() || (input.fail() && !input.eof())) return Contents::Error;
+        for (std::streamsize i = 0; i < input.gcount(); ++i) {
+            if (block[i] != 0) return Contents::Nonzero;
+        }
+        if (input.eof()) return Contents::Blank;
+    }
+}
+
+inline Contents InspectFile(const std::filesystem::path& path) {
+    std::error_code ec;
+    const auto status = std::filesystem::symlink_status(path, ec);
+    if (ec && ec != std::errc::no_such_file_or_directory) return Contents::Error;
+    if (!std::filesystem::exists(status)) return Contents::Missing;
+    if (!std::filesystem::is_regular_file(path, ec) || ec) return Contents::Error;
+    std::ifstream input(path, std::ios::binary);
+    return InspectStream(input);
+}
+
+// Probe only read-only opens of the actual save and its exact write shadow.
+// No probe writes, removes, or repairs data, and backups are not save aliases.
+inline ReadAction CheckRead(const std::filesystem::path& path, int mode) {
+    const auto name = path.filename();
+    const bool isMain = name == "rksys.dat";
+    if (mode != 1 || (!isMain && name != "rksys.dat.nandsafe.tmp")) return ReadAction::Proceed;
+    const auto contents = InspectFile(path);
+    if (contents == Contents::Error) return ReadAction::Error;
+    if (contents == Contents::Nonzero) return ReadAction::Proceed;
+    if (isMain) {
+        auto shadow = path;
+        shadow += ".nandsafe.tmp";
+        const auto shadowContents = InspectFile(shadow);
+        if (shadowContents == Contents::Error) return ReadAction::Error;
+        // The next write normally discards an old shadow. Preserve a possible
+        // recovery source when there is no usable original, without promoting
+        // an uncommitted (and potentially incomplete) shadow to the real save.
+        if (shadowContents == Contents::Nonzero) return ReadAction::RecoveryNeeded;
+    }
+    return contents == Contents::Blank ? ReadAction::Missing : ReadAction::Proceed;
+}
+
+} // namespace RuntimeNandSave

runtime/include/nand_settings.h

@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <array>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <ctime>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <map>
+#include <optional>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#else
+#include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+
+namespace RuntimeNandSettings {
+
+using Settings = std::map<std::string, std::string>;
+
+inline std::filesystem::path FilePath(const std::filesystem::path& root) {
+    return root / "title/00000001/00000002/data/setting.txt";
+}
+
+// Wii setting.txt is a 256-byte buffer encrypted with a rotating XOR key.
+inline std::optional<Settings> Read(const std::filesystem::path& nandRoot) {
+    std::ifstream input(FilePath(nandRoot), std::ios::binary);
+    std::array<uint8_t, 256> bytes{};
+    if (!input.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(bytes.data()), bytes.size())) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    uint32_t key = 0x73B5DBFAu;
+    std::string decoded;
+    for (const uint8_t byte : bytes) {
+        const char value = static_cast<char>(byte ^ static_cast<uint8_t>(key));
+        key = (key << 1) | (key >> 31);
+        if (value == '\0') {
+            break;
+        }
+        if (value != '\r') {
+            decoded += value;
+        }
+    }
+    Settings settings;
+    for (size_t start = 0; start < decoded.size();) {
+        const size_t end = decoded.find('\n', start);
+        const std::string line = decoded.substr(start, end - start);
+        const size_t equals = line.find('=');
+        if (equals != std::string::npos && equals != 0) {
+            settings.emplace(line.substr(0, equals), line.substr(equals + 1));
+        }
+        if (end == std::string::npos) {
+            break;
+        }
+        start = end + 1;
+    }
+    return settings;
+}
+
+inline bool HasIdentity(const Settings& settings) {
+    const auto serial = settings.find("SERNO");
+    if (serial == settings.end() || serial->second.empty() || serial->second.size() > 9 ||
+        serial->second.find_first_not_of("0123456789") != std::string::npos ||
+        serial->second.find_first_not_of('0') == std::string::npos) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    for (const auto& field : {std::pair{"CODE", 5u}, {"AREA", 3u}, {"GAME", 2u}}) {
+        const auto value = settings.find(field.first);
+        if (value == settings.end() || value->second.empty() ||
+            value->second.size() > field.second) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+// Dolphin's normal (non-deterministic) first-boot algorithm. It is independent
+// of the ES device ID. Matching another NAND requires that NAND's saved serial.
+inline std::string GenerateSerial(std::time_t now) {
+    if (now < 0) {
+        return {};
+    }
+    const auto digits = std::to_string(now % 1000000000);
+    return std::string(9 - digits.size(), '0') + digits;
+}
+
+// This recompilation targets the European disc. These are Dolphin's PAL boot
+// defaults; an existing setting.txt always takes precedence, in every region.
+inline std::optional<std::array<uint8_t, 256>> EncodeNew(const std::string& serial) {
+    const Settings identity{{"SERNO", serial}, {"CODE", "LEH"}, {"AREA", "EUR"}, {"GAME", "EU"}};
+    if (!HasIdentity(identity)) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    std::array<uint8_t, 256> bytes{};
+    size_t position = 0;
+    uint32_t key = 0x73B5DBFAu;
+    const auto writeByte = [&](char value) {
+        bytes[position++] = static_cast<uint8_t>(value) ^ static_cast<uint8_t>(key);
+        key = (key << 1) | (key >> 31);
+    };
+    for (const std::string& line : {std::string("AREA=EUR\r\n"), std::string("MODEL=RVL-001(EUR)\r\n"),
+             std::string("DVD=0\r\n"), std::string("MPCH=0x7FFE\r\n"), std::string("CODE=LEH\r\n"),
+             "SERNO=" + serial + "\r\n", std::string("VIDEO=PAL\r\n"), std::string("GAME=EU\r\n")}) {
+        for (;;) {
+            if (position + line.size() > bytes.size()) {
+                return std::nullopt;
+            }
+            const auto start = position;
+            const auto savedKey = key;
+            bool hasNull = false;
+            for (const char value : line) {
+                writeByte(value);
+                hasNull |= bytes[position - 1] == 0;
+            }
+            if (!hasNull) {
+                break;
+            }
+            // Nintendo stops at an encoded NUL. Dolphin inserts an extra LF
+            // before this line and retries with the shifted encryption key.
+            position = start;
+            key = savedKey;
+            writeByte('\n');
+        }
+    }
+    return bytes; // The unused tail stays raw zero, as in Dolphin.
+}
+
+// Atomically claim our own scratch directory. A collision belongs to another
+// launch (or a previous crashed launch); leave it untouched and try another name.
+inline std::optional<std::filesystem::path> CreateScratchDirectory(
+    const std::filesystem::path& parent, const std::string& token, std::error_code& ec) {
+    for (unsigned attempt = 0; attempt < 128; ++attempt) {
+        const auto candidate = parent / (".setting-init-" + token + "-" + std::to_string(attempt));
+        ec.clear();
+        if (std::filesystem::create_directory(candidate, ec)) return candidate;
+        if (ec && ec != std::errc::file_exists) return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    ec = std::make_error_code(std::errc::file_exists);
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+// Never replace an existing file, including an unreadable or damaged one.
+// Publish a complete file atomically so simultaneous launches use one identity.
+inline bool Ensure(const std::filesystem::path& root, std::string& error,
+                   std::time_t now = std::time(nullptr)) {
+    const auto path = FilePath(root);
+    std::error_code ec;
+    const auto status = std::filesystem::symlink_status(path, ec);
+    if (ec && ec != std::errc::no_such_file_or_directory) {
+        error = "Cannot inspect NAND setting.txt: " + ec.message();
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (std::filesystem::exists(status)) {
+        const auto existing = Read(root);
+        if (existing && HasIdentity(*existing)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        error = "Existing NAND setting.txt is unreadable or invalid; restore it from this console's backup";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    const auto bytes = EncodeNew(GenerateSerial(now));
+    if (!bytes) {
+        error = "Cannot initialize NAND settings: invalid system clock";
+        return false;
+    }
+    ec.clear();
+    std::filesystem::create_directories(path.parent_path(), ec);
+    if (ec) {
+        error = "Cannot create NAND settings directory: " + ec.message();
+        return false;
+    }
+    static std::atomic<unsigned> sequence{0};
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    const auto processId = GetCurrentProcessId();
+#else
+    const auto processId = getpid();
+#endif
+    const auto scratch = CreateScratchDirectory(path.parent_path(),
+        std::to_string(processId) + "-" + std::to_string(
+            std::chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count()) + "-" +
+            std::to_string(sequence++), ec);
+    if (!scratch) {
+        error = "Cannot create temporary NAND settings directory: " + ec.message();
+        return false;
+    }
+    const auto temporary = *scratch / "setting.txt";
+    bool written = false;
+    {
+        std::ofstream output(temporary, std::ios::binary);
+        output.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(bytes->data()), bytes->size());
+        output.close();
+        written = static_cast<bool>(output);
+    }
+    bool published = false;
+    if (written) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+        published = MoveFileExW(temporary.c_str(), path.c_str(), MOVEFILE_WRITE_THROUGH) != 0;
+#else
+        published = ::link(temporary.c_str(), path.c_str()) == 0;
+#endif
+    }
+    std::filesystem::remove(temporary, ec);
+    std::filesystem::remove(*scratch, ec);
+    // A competing launcher may have published its settings first. Always read
+    // the winner from NAND rather than using our unpersisted candidate serial.
+    const auto persisted = Read(root);
+    if (persisted && HasIdentity(*persisted)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    error = published ? "Cannot read newly initialized NAND setting.txt" :
+                        "Cannot persist NAND setting.txt; check NAND directory permissions";
+    return false;
+}
+
+} // namespace RuntimeNandSettings

runtime/include/runtime_config.h

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <iomanip>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <limits>
+#include <map>
 #include <optional>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string>
@@ -89,6 +90,8 @@ struct RuntimeUserConfig {
     // comma-separated SDL-style physical button names ("south", or
     // "dpad_up,left_shoulder") as values; pressing either bound button counts.
     std::array<std::optional<std::string>, 12> controllerButtons;
+    std::optional<bool> rumbleEnabled;
+    std::map<std::string, std::string> controllerExpressions;
 };
 
 namespace RuntimeConfigFile {
@@ -407,6 +410,17 @@ inline RuntimeUserConfig ParseConfigDocument(const toml::value& document) {
             FindConfigValue<std::string>(document, "controller", buttonKeys[index]);
     }
 
+    config.rumbleEnabled = FindConfigValue<bool>(document, "controller", "rumble");
+
+    if (const auto* section = document.contains("controller") ? &document.at("controller") : nullptr;
+        section != nullptr && section->is_table()) {
+        for (const auto& [key, value] : section->as_table()) {
+            if (key.rfind("expr_", 0) == 0 && value.is_string()) {
+                config.controllerExpressions[key] = value.as_string();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     config.widescreen = FindConfigValue<bool>(document, "video", "widescreen");
     config.windowPosX = FindConfigInt(document, "video", "window_x");
     config.windowPosY = FindConfigInt(document, "video", "window_y");
@@ -677,6 +691,25 @@ inline bool SetControllerButton(size_t index, std::string value) {
     return WriteSetting("controller", kControllerButtonKeys[index], FormatString(value));
 }
 
+inline std::string ControllerExpression(const std::string& key) {
+    const auto it = Get().controllerExpressions.find(key);
+    return it == Get().controllerExpressions.end() ? std::string() : it->second;
+}
+
+inline bool SetControllerExpression(const std::string& key, const std::string& value) {
+    Mutable().controllerExpressions[key] = value;
+    return WriteSetting("controller", key, FormatString(value));
+}
+
+inline bool RumbleEnabled(bool fallback = true) {
+    return Get().rumbleEnabled.value_or(fallback);
+}
+
+inline bool SetRumbleEnabled(bool value) {
+    Mutable().rumbleEnabled = value;
+    return WriteSetting("controller", "rumble", value ? "true" : "false");
+}
+
 inline bool SetAudioVolume(float value) {
     value = std::clamp(value, 0.0f, 1.0f);
     Mutable().audioVolume = value;
@@ -804,7 +837,7 @@ inline bool SetWiiRemotesEnabled(bool value) {
 }
 
 // Whether to keep rescanning Bluetooth while no Wii controller is connected.
-inline bool WiiContinuousScanEnabled(bool fallback = true) {
+inline bool WiiContinuousScanEnabled(bool fallback = false) {
     return Get().wiiContinuousScan.value_or(fallback);
 }
 

runtime/include/sc_serial_contract.h

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <charconv>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <system_error>
+
+namespace RuntimeScSerial {
+
+// SCGetProductSN's output is a u32, not a character buffer. DWC loads
+// that word and formats it with the product code to construct csnum.
+template <typename RangeValidator, typename WordWriter>
+uint32_t Write(std::string_view serial, uint32_t address,
+               RangeValidator&& contains, WordWriter&& write32) {
+    if (serial.empty() || serial.size() > 9 ||
+        serial.find_first_not_of("0123456789") != std::string_view::npos) return 0;
+    uint32_t number = 0;
+    const auto parsed = std::from_chars(serial.data(), serial.data() + serial.size(), number);
+    if (parsed.ec != std::errc{} || parsed.ptr != serial.data() + serial.size() ||
+        !address || !contains(address, sizeof(uint32_t))) return 0;
+    write32(address, number);
+    return 1;
+}
+
+} // namespace RuntimeScSerial

runtime/include/wii_remote_input.h

@@ -102,8 +102,10 @@ void HideRemotesFromPad(PADStatus* statuses, uint32_t count);
 void Poll();
 // Forces one re-enumeration right now (settings overlay "Rescan now").
 void RescanNow();
-// True while Poll() is actively rescanning (no Wii controller connected).
+// True while Poll() is looking for a remote (no Wii controller connected).
 bool IsScanning();
+// True where looking means periodic rescans; elsewhere Poll() waits for hotplug.
+bool PeriodicRescanEnabled();
 // Rescans issued since a Wii controller was last seen.
 uint32_t ScanCount();
 

runtime/src/fiber_manager.cpp

@@ -256,8 +256,12 @@ bool GuestFiberManager::CreateGuestFiber(uint32_t guestThreadAddr, uint32_t entr
     gf.cpuContext.srr0 = entryPoint;
     
     // The host stack models only translated host calls; the guest stack starts
-    // at stackBase in the CPU context above.
+    // at stackBase in the CPU context above. 64 KiB is too small for deep
-    constexpr size_t kHostStackSize = 64 * 1024;
+    // translated/HLE call chains (notably NW4R's sound worker), and on macOS
+    // it can exhaust the guarded coroutine stack as unrelated host work (such
+    // as a window resize) adds a little more nesting. Keep enough headroom for
+    // those chains while the guest stack remains separately bounded.
+    constexpr size_t kHostStackSize = 1024 * 1024;
     gf.fiber = HostContext::Create(kHostStackSize, FiberProc,
                                    reinterpret_cast<void*>(static_cast<uintptr_t>(guestThreadAddr)));
     

runtime/src/hle/input/pad.cpp

@@ -1,18 +1,75 @@
 #include "hle_stubs.h"
 #include "memory.h"
 #include "hle/controller_status_contract.h"
+#include "input_bindings.h"
 #include "wii_remote_input.h"
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <atomic>
 #include <cstdio>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <cstring>
 
+#include <SDL3/SDL_gamepad.h>
 #include <dolphin/pad.h>
 
 namespace {
 
+std::atomic<bool> g_rumbleEnabled{true};
+
+bool NativeButtonHeld(SDL_Gamepad* gamepad, uint32_t nativeButton) {
+    if (gamepad == nullptr || nativeButton == PAD_NATIVE_BUTTON_INVALID ||
+        nativeButton >= SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_COUNT) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return SDL_GetGamepadButton(gamepad, static_cast<SDL_GamepadButton>(nativeButton));
+}
+
+// A digital button bound to L or R has no analog travel of its own. On real
+// hardware the click only engages at full depression, so report a full pull.
+void FillTriggersHeldByButtons(PADStatus* statuses) {
+    if (InputBindings::InputBlocked()) {
+        return;
+    }
+    for (uint32_t port = 0; port < PAD_CHANMAX; ++port) {
+        if (statuses[port].err != PAD_ERR_NONE) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        const s32 index = PADGetIndexForPort(port);
+        if (index < 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        SDL_Gamepad* gamepad = PADGetSDLGamepadForIndex(static_cast<u32>(index));
+        if (gamepad == nullptr) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        const auto scan = [&](PADButtonMapping* mappings, u32 count) {
+            if (mappings == nullptr) {
+                return;
+            }
+            for (u32 i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+                const PADButtonMapping& mapping = mappings[i];
+                if (mapping.padButton != PAD_TRIGGER_L && mapping.padButton != PAD_TRIGGER_R) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (!NativeButtonHeld(gamepad, mapping.nativeButton)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (mapping.padButton == PAD_TRIGGER_L) {
+                    statuses[port].triggerLeft = 255;
+                } else {
+                    statuses[port].triggerRight = 255;
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        u32 count = 0;
+        scan(PADGetButtonMappings(port, &count), count);
+        count = 0;
+        scan(PADGetAltButtonMappings(port, &count), count);
+    }
+}
+
 void WritePadStatus(uint32_t base, const PADStatus& status) {
     const auto guestStatus = PadStatusContract::Encode({
         status.button,
@@ -32,6 +89,11 @@ void WritePadStatus(uint32_t base, const PADStatus& status) {
 
 } // namespace
 
+extern "C" void PAD_HLE_SetRumbleEnabled(bool enabled)
+{
+    g_rumbleEnabled.store(enabled, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+}
+
 extern "C" uint32_t PAD__Init_HLE()
 {
     return PADInit() ? 1u : 0u;
@@ -54,6 +116,9 @@ extern "C" uint32_t PAD__Read_HLE(uint32_t statusPtr)
     // between "connected" and "no controller" every time the overlay toggles.
     WiiRemoteInput::HideRemotesFromPad(statuses, PAD_CHANMAX);
 
+    FillTriggersHeldByButtons(statuses);
+    InputBindings::Apply(statuses);
+
     try {
         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < PAD_CHANMAX; ++i) {
             WritePadStatus(statusPtr + static_cast<uint32_t>(i * PadStatusContract::kGuestStatusSize),
@@ -81,6 +146,9 @@ PPC_NATIVE_OVERRIDE(801AF1E4, PAD__Recalibrate_HLE, uint32_t, (uint32_t mask), (
 
 extern "C" void PAD__ControlMotor_HLE(int32_t chan, uint32_t command)
 {
+    if (command == PAD_MOTOR_RUMBLE && !g_rumbleEnabled.load(std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
+        command = PAD_MOTOR_STOP;
+    }
     PADControlMotor(chan, command);
 }
 PPC_NATIVE_OVERRIDE_VOID(801AF908, PAD__ControlMotor_HLE, (int32_t chan, uint32_t command), (chan, command));

runtime/src/hle/net/network_socket.cpp

@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ int32_t HandleIpTopIoctlv(uint32_t cmd, const std::vector<IoVector>& in, const s
         // Nonblocking sockets get -SO_EAGAIN immediately (Dolphin's retry predicate
         // short-circuits on nonBlock/forceNonBlock, IOS/Network/Socket.cpp:715-718);
         // waiting here anyway stalled the whole emulation thread on every empty read.
-        constexpr int kStreamRecvWaitMs = 250;
+        constexpr int kStreamRecvWaitMs = 1000;
         const int streamWaitMs = (forceNonBlock || s->nonblocking) ? 0 : kStreamRecvWaitMs;
         const bool waited = ret < 0 && !fromPtr && s->type == SOCK_STREAM &&
             IsWouldBlockError(nativeErr) && WaitForReadable(s->native, streamWaitMs);

runtime/src/hle/sc.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include "hle_stubs.h"
 
 #include "console_identity.h"
+#include "sc_serial_contract.h"
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
@@ -12,7 +13,25 @@
 
 namespace {
 
-constexpr uint32_t kPalProductRegion = 2;
+// Use the SDK's own value tables, including its unknown-region result.
+uint32_t LookupProductRegion(uint32_t table, uint32_t stride, uint32_t count,
+                             const std::string& value) {
+    for (uint32_t index = 0; index < count; ++index) {
+        const uint32_t entry = table + index * stride;
+        if (!Memory::Contains(entry, stride)) {
+            break;
+        }
+        const auto* bytes = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(Memory::GetPointer(entry, stride));
+        if (bytes[0] == 0xFF) {
+            break;
+        }
+        if (value.size() < stride - 1 &&
+            std::memcmp(bytes + 1, value.c_str(), value.size() + 1) == 0) {
+            return bytes[0];
+        }
+    }
+    return 0xFFFFFFFFu;
+}
 
 } // namespace
 
@@ -50,16 +69,12 @@ extern "C" uint32_t SCGetEuRgb60Mode_HLE()
 
 PPC_NATIVE_OVERRIDE(801B1CAC, SCGetEuRgb60Mode_HLE, uint32_t, (), ());
 
-// The managed NAND intentionally starts without a console-owned setting.txt.
+// Expose the selected emulated NAND identity through the SDK SC APIs.
-// DWC nevertheless requires the Wii product code and serial number so it can
-// include csnum in NAS authentication. Expose one stable virtual-console
-// identity without requiring or mutating a user's real NAND.
 
 extern "C" uint32_t SCGetProductArea_HLE()
 {
-    // The PAL setting.txt AREA value is "EUR". The SDK's lookup table at
+    return LookupProductRegion(0x8029CEB0u, 5, 13,
-    // 0x8029CEB0 maps JPN=0, USA=1, EUR=2.
+                               RuntimeConsoleIdentity::Current().area);
-    return kPalProductRegion;
 }
 
 PPC_NATIVE_OVERRIDE(801B23A0, SCGetProductArea_HLE, uint32_t, (), ());
@@ -68,12 +83,13 @@ extern "C" uint32_t SCGetProductCode_HLE()
 {
     // Original PAL SC storage for the six-byte CODE value.
     constexpr uint32_t kProductCodeAddress = 0x803869E0u;
-    static constexpr char kProductCode[] = "LEH";
+    const std::string& productCode = RuntimeConsoleIdentity::Current().productCode;
-    if (!Memory::Contains(kProductCodeAddress, sizeof(kProductCode))) {
+    const size_t size = productCode.size() + 1;
+    if (!Memory::Contains(kProductCodeAddress, size)) {
         return 0;
     }
-    std::memcpy(Memory::GetPointer(kProductCodeAddress, sizeof(kProductCode)),
+    std::memcpy(Memory::GetPointer(kProductCodeAddress, size),
-                kProductCode, sizeof(kProductCode));
+                productCode.c_str(), size);
     return kProductCodeAddress;
 }
 
@@ -82,21 +98,17 @@ PPC_NATIVE_OVERRIDE(801B2424, SCGetProductCode_HLE, uint32_t, (), ());
 extern "C" uint32_t SCGetProductSN_HLE(uint32_t serialAddress)
 {
     const std::string& serial = RuntimeConsoleIdentity::Current().serial;
-    if (!serialAddress || !Memory::Contains(serialAddress, serial.size() + 1)) {
+    return RuntimeScSerial::Write(serial, serialAddress,
-        return 0;
+        [](uint32_t address, size_t size) { return Memory::Contains(address, size); },
-    }
+        [](uint32_t address, uint32_t value) { Memory::Write32(address, value); });
-    std::memcpy(Memory::GetPointer(serialAddress, serial.size() + 1),
-                serial.c_str(), serial.size() + 1);
-    return 1;
 }
 
 PPC_NATIVE_OVERRIDE(801B2460, SCGetProductSN_HLE, uint32_t, (uint32_t serialAddress), (serialAddress));
 
 extern "C" uint32_t SCGetProductGameRegion_HLE()
 {
-    // The PAL setting.txt GAME value is "EU". The SDK's own lookup table at
+    return LookupProductRegion(0x8029CEF8u, 4, 4,
-    // 0x8029CEF8 maps JP=0, US=1, EU=2.
+                               RuntimeConsoleIdentity::Current().gameRegion);
-    return kPalProductRegion;
 }
 
 PPC_NATIVE_OVERRIDE(801B24C8, SCGetProductGameRegion_HLE, uint32_t, (), ());

runtime/src/hle/storage/nand_api.cpp

@@ -93,6 +93,9 @@ extern "C" int32_t NANDOpen_HLE(uint32_t pathPtr, uint32_t fileInfoPtr, uint32_t
 
     const std::filesystem::path hostPath = TranslateNandPath(path);
 
+    if (const auto result = NandCheckSystemSaveRead("NANDOpen", hostPath, mode))
+        return *result;
+
     // Existing-file write opens go through a shadow copy seeded from the original, so a
     // crash between NANDWrite and NANDClose cannot leave a torn file (the game patches
     // sub-ranges, e.g. ghost saves at a non-zero offset). New files still create in place.

runtime/src/hle/storage/nand_async.cpp

@@ -411,6 +411,8 @@ extern "C" int32_t NANDSafeOpen_HLE(uint32_t pathPtr, uint32_t fileInfoPtr, uint
     if (mode == 1) {
         // Read-only safe open reads the original in place; the library builds no scratch
         // copy for this case.
+        if (const auto result = NandCheckSystemSaveRead("NANDSafeOpen", hostPath, mode))
+            return *result;
         FILE* file = NandFopen(hostPath, "rb");
         if (!file && IsFaceLibResourcePath(path) && SeedFaceLibResource(hostPath)) {
             file = NandFopen(hostPath, "rb");

runtime/src/hle/storage/nand_fs.cpp

@@ -411,6 +411,26 @@ bool IsFaceLibResourcePath(const char* path) {
     return std::strcmp(path, "/shared2/menu/FaceLib/RFL_Res.dat") == 0;
 }
 
+std::optional<int32_t> NandCheckSystemSaveRead(const char* who,
+    const std::filesystem::path& hostPath, int mode, bool ios) {
+    const auto action = RuntimeNandSave::CheckRead(hostPath, mode);
+    if (action == RuntimeNandSave::ReadAction::Proceed) return std::nullopt;
+    if (action == RuntimeNandSave::ReadAction::Missing) {
+        LogNandWarning(who, "treating empty or zero-filled system save '%s' as missing",
+                       HostPathText(hostPath).c_str());
+        return ios ? ISFS_ENOENT : NAND_RESULT_NOEXISTS;
+    }
+    if (action == RuntimeNandSave::ReadAction::RecoveryNeeded) {
+        LogNandError(who, "system save '%s' is missing or blank but its .nandsafe.tmp contains data; "
+                         "back up both files before attempting recovery",
+                     HostPathText(hostPath).c_str());
+    } else {
+        LogNandError(who, "could not inspect system save '%s' or its write shadow; leaving data untouched",
+                     HostPathText(hostPath).c_str());
+    }
+    return ios ? ISFS_EIO : NAND_RESULT_UNKNOWN;
+}
+
 // Create directories recursively
 bool CreateDirectoryPath(const std::filesystem::path& path) {
     if (path.empty()) {

runtime/src/hle/storage/nand_internal.h

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "hle/runtime_parse_helpers.h"
 #include "memory.h"
 #include "nand_path.h"
+#include "nand_save_probe.h"
 #include "hle/net/network.h"
 #include "recomp_mod_loader.h"
 #include "runtime_config.h"
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@
 #include <deque>
 #include <map>
 #include <mutex>
+#include <optional>
 #include <vector>
 #include <filesystem>
 #include <string>
@@ -56,6 +58,11 @@ constexpr uint32_t kNandTitleIdLo = 0x524D4350; // "RMCP" fallback
 void LogNandError(const char* func, const char* fmt, ...);
 void LogNandWarning(const char* func, const char* fmt, ...);
 
+// An empty optional means continue opening normally; otherwise return the
+// supplied NAND/IOS error without exposing a failed scan as a missing save.
+std::optional<int32_t> NandCheckSystemSaveRead(const char* who,
+    const std::filesystem::path& hostPath, int mode, bool ios = false);
+
 // ============================================================================
 // File Descriptor Management
 // ============================================================================

runtime/src/hle/storage/nand_isfs.cpp

@@ -392,6 +392,9 @@ extern "C" int32_t NAND_IOS_Open_HLE(uint32_t pathPtr, uint32_t mode) {
     // It's a NAND file path
     const std::filesystem::path hostPath = TranslateNandPath(path);
 
+    if (const auto result = NandCheckSystemSaveRead("IOS_Open", hostPath, mode, true))
+        return *result;
+    
     // Seed FaceLib resources before the existence check so every open mode can
     // still find them on a fresh managed NAND.
     if (!PathExists(hostPath) && IsFaceLibResourcePath(path)) {

runtime/src/input_bindings.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+#include "input_bindings.h"
+
+#include "controller_button_names.h"
+#include "input_expr.h"
+#include "runtime_config.h"
+#include "runtime_log.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+#include <SDL3/SDL_gamepad.h>
+
+namespace InputBindings {
+namespace {
+
+struct Binding {
+    std::string text;
+    InputExpr::Expression expr;
+    bool active = false;
+};
+
+std::mutex g_mutex;
+std::array<std::array<Binding, kControls.size()>, PAD_CHANMAX> g_bindings;
+bool g_anyBound = false;
+bool g_inputBlocked = false;
+
+// Dolphin input names, mapped onto SDL. XInput-style names are exact; DInput
+// "Button <n>" indices follow the common PlayStation layout, which is what
+// DInput reports for a DualShock/DualSense. Other pads may number differently.
+const std::unordered_map<std::string, SDL_GamepadButton>& ButtonNames() {
+    static const std::unordered_map<std::string, SDL_GamepadButton> table = {
+        {"Button A", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_SOUTH},      {"Button B", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_EAST},
+        {"Button X", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_WEST},       {"Button Y", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_NORTH},
+        {"Shoulder L", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_LEFT_SHOULDER},
+        {"Shoulder R", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_RIGHT_SHOULDER},
+        {"Thumb L", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_LEFT_STICK},  {"Thumb R", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_RIGHT_STICK},
+        {"Start", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_START},         {"Back", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_BACK},
+        {"Guide", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_GUIDE},
+        {"Pad N", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_DPAD_UP},       {"Pad S", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_DPAD_DOWN},
+        {"Pad W", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_DPAD_LEFT},     {"Pad E", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_DPAD_RIGHT},
+        {"Hat 0 N", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_DPAD_UP},     {"Hat 0 S", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_DPAD_DOWN},
+        {"Hat 0 W", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_DPAD_LEFT},   {"Hat 0 E", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_DPAD_RIGHT},
+        {"Button 0", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_WEST},       {"Button 1", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_SOUTH},
+        {"Button 2", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_EAST},       {"Button 3", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_NORTH},
+        {"Button 4", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_LEFT_SHOULDER},
+        {"Button 5", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_RIGHT_SHOULDER},
+        {"Button 8", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_BACK},       {"Button 9", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_START},
+        {"Button 10", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_LEFT_STICK},
+        {"Button 11", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_RIGHT_STICK},
+        {"Button 12", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_GUIDE},     {"Button 13", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_TOUCHPAD},
+    };
+    return table;
+}
+
+// Signed axis names: SDL axis plus the direction that counts as positive.
+struct AxisRef {
+    SDL_GamepadAxis axis;
+    int sign;
+};
+
+const std::unordered_map<std::string, AxisRef>& AxisNames() {
+    static const std::unordered_map<std::string, AxisRef> table = {
+        {"Axis X-", {SDL_GAMEPAD_AXIS_LEFTX, -1}},  {"Axis X+", {SDL_GAMEPAD_AXIS_LEFTX, 1}},
+        {"Axis Y-", {SDL_GAMEPAD_AXIS_LEFTY, -1}},  {"Axis Y+", {SDL_GAMEPAD_AXIS_LEFTY, 1}},
+        {"Axis Z-", {SDL_GAMEPAD_AXIS_RIGHTX, -1}}, {"Axis Z+", {SDL_GAMEPAD_AXIS_RIGHTX, 1}},
+        {"Axis Zr-", {SDL_GAMEPAD_AXIS_RIGHTY, -1}},{"Axis Zr+", {SDL_GAMEPAD_AXIS_RIGHTY, 1}},
+        {"Left X-", {SDL_GAMEPAD_AXIS_LEFTX, -1}},  {"Left X+", {SDL_GAMEPAD_AXIS_LEFTX, 1}},
+        {"Left Y-", {SDL_GAMEPAD_AXIS_LEFTY, 1}},   {"Left Y+", {SDL_GAMEPAD_AXIS_LEFTY, -1}},
+        {"Right X-", {SDL_GAMEPAD_AXIS_RIGHTX, -1}},{"Right X+", {SDL_GAMEPAD_AXIS_RIGHTX, 1}},
+        {"Right Y-", {SDL_GAMEPAD_AXIS_RIGHTY, 1}}, {"Right Y+", {SDL_GAMEPAD_AXIS_RIGHTY, -1}},
+        {"Full Axis Xr+", {SDL_GAMEPAD_AXIS_LEFT_TRIGGER, 1}},
+        {"Full Axis Yr+", {SDL_GAMEPAD_AXIS_RIGHT_TRIGGER, 1}},
+        {"Trigger L", {SDL_GAMEPAD_AXIS_LEFT_TRIGGER, 1}},
+        {"Trigger R", {SDL_GAMEPAD_AXIS_RIGHT_TRIGGER, 1}},
+    };
+    return table;
+}
+
+double ReadInput(SDL_Gamepad* gamepad, const std::string& name) {
+    if (gamepad == nullptr) {
+        return 0.0;
+    }
+    if (const auto it = ButtonNames().find(name); it != ButtonNames().end()) {
+        return SDL_GetGamepadButton(gamepad, it->second) ? 1.0 : 0.0;
+    }
+    if (const auto it = AxisNames().find(name); it != AxisNames().end()) {
+        const double raw = SDL_GetGamepadAxis(gamepad, it->second.axis) / 32767.0;
+        return std::clamp(raw * it->second.sign, 0.0, 1.0);
+    }
+    // Fall back to this project's own positional names, so a binding written
+    // here does not have to use Dolphin vocabulary.
+    if (const auto* native = ControllerNames::FindNativeButton(name)) {
+        if (native->nativeButton != PAD_NATIVE_BUTTON_INVALID) {
+            return SDL_GetGamepadButton(gamepad, static_cast<SDL_GamepadButton>(native->nativeButton)) ? 1.0
+                                                                                                      : 0.0;
+        }
+    }
+    return 0.0;
+}
+
+SDL_Gamepad* GamepadForPort(uint32_t port) {
+    const s32 index = PADGetIndexForPort(port);
+    return index < 0 ? nullptr : PADGetSDLGamepadForIndex(static_cast<u32>(index));
+}
+
+size_t ControlIndexForDolphinName(const std::string& name) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < kControls.size(); ++i) {
+        if (name == kControls[i].dolphinName) {
+            return i;
+        }
+    }
+    return kControls.size();
+}
+
+void RecomputeAnyBoundLocked() {
+    g_anyBound = false;
+    for (const auto& port : g_bindings) {
+        for (const auto& binding : port) {
+            if (!binding.expr.Empty()) {
+                g_anyBound = true;
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+std::string ConfigKey(uint32_t port, size_t control) {
+    std::string key = "expr_" + std::to_string(port + 1) + "_";
+    for (const char* c = kControls[control].dolphinName; *c != '\0'; ++c) {
+        key += (*c == '/' || *c == '-') ? '_' : static_cast<char>(std::tolower(*c));
+    }
+    return key;
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+void SetInputBlocked(bool blocked) noexcept {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(g_mutex);
+    g_inputBlocked = blocked;
+}
+
+bool InputBlocked() noexcept {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(g_mutex);
+    return g_inputBlocked;
+}
+
+void Reload() noexcept {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(g_mutex);
+    for (uint32_t port = 0; port < PAD_CHANMAX; ++port) {
+        for (size_t control = 0; control < kControls.size(); ++control) {
+            Binding& binding = g_bindings[port][control];
+            binding = Binding{};
+            binding.text = RuntimeConfigFile::ControllerExpression(ConfigKey(port, control));
+            std::string error;
+            if (!binding.text.empty() &&
+                !InputExpr::Expression::Parse(binding.text, binding.expr, error)) {
+                RT_LOG(RT_TAG_CONFIG) << "expression for port " << (port + 1) << " "
+                                      << kControls[control].dolphinName << ": " << error << std::endl;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    RecomputeAnyBoundLocked();
+}
+
+void Apply(PADStatus* statuses) noexcept {
+    if (statuses == nullptr) {
+        return;
+    }
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(g_mutex);
+    if (!g_anyBound) {
+        return;
+    }
+    const bool blocked = g_inputBlocked;
+    for (uint32_t port = 0; port < PAD_CHANMAX; ++port) {
+        if (statuses[port].err != PAD_ERR_NONE) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        SDL_Gamepad* gamepad = GamepadForPort(port);
+        const InputExpr::InputSource source = [gamepad](const std::string& name) {
+            return ReadInput(gamepad, name);
+        };
+        for (size_t control = 0; control < kControls.size(); ++control) {
+            Binding& binding = g_bindings[port][control];
+            if (binding.expr.Empty()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (blocked) {
+                binding.active = false;
+                continue;
+            }
+            const double value = binding.expr.Evaluate(source);
+            binding.active = value > InputExpr::kConditionThreshold;
+            const ControlInfo& info = kControls[control];
+            if (info.padButton != 0 && binding.active) {
+                statuses[port].button |= info.padButton;
+            }
+            if (info.analog != 0) {
+                const double safe = std::isfinite(value) ? std::clamp(value, 0.0, 1.0) : 0.0;
+                const auto scaled = static_cast<uint8_t>(safe * 255.0);
+                uint8_t& target =
+                    info.analog == 1 ? statuses[port].triggerLeft : statuses[port].triggerRight;
+                target = std::max(target, scaled);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+std::string GetExpression(uint32_t port, size_t control) noexcept {
+    if (port >= PAD_CHANMAX || control >= kControls.size()) {
+        return {};
+    }
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(g_mutex);
+    return g_bindings[port][control].text;
+}
+
+bool SetExpression(uint32_t port, size_t control, const std::string& text, std::string& error) noexcept {
+    if (port >= PAD_CHANMAX || control >= kControls.size()) {
+        error = "invalid control";
+        return false;
+    }
+    InputExpr::Expression parsed;
+    if (!InputExpr::Expression::Parse(text, parsed, error)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(g_mutex);
+        Binding& binding = g_bindings[port][control];
+        binding.text = text;
+        binding.expr = std::move(parsed);
+        binding.active = false;
+        RecomputeAnyBoundLocked();
+    }
+    RuntimeConfigFile::SetControllerExpression(ConfigKey(port, control), text);
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool IsActive(uint32_t port, size_t control) noexcept {
+    if (port >= PAD_CHANMAX || control >= kControls.size()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(g_mutex);
+    return g_bindings[port][control].active;
+}
+
+std::string DefaultDolphinConfigPath() noexcept {
+    std::error_code ec;
+    if (const char* appdata = std::getenv("APPDATA"); appdata != nullptr) {
+        const std::filesystem::path roaming =
+            std::filesystem::path(appdata) / "Dolphin Emulator" / "Config" / "GCPadNew.ini";
+        if (std::filesystem::exists(roaming, ec)) {
+            return RuntimeConfigFile::PathToUtf8(roaming);
+        }
+    }
+    const auto executableDirectory = RuntimeConfigFile::ExecutableDirectory();
+    return RuntimeConfigFile::PathToUtf8(executableDirectory ? *executableDirectory / "GCPadNew.ini"
+                                                             : std::filesystem::path("GCPadNew.ini"));
+}
+
+int ImportDolphinConfig(const std::string& path, int padIndex, uint32_t port, std::string& summary,
+                        std::string& error) noexcept {
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> controls;
+    std::string device;
+    if (!InputExpr::ReadDolphinConfig(RuntimeConfigFile::PathFromUtf8(path), padIndex, controls, device,
+                                      error)) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    int imported = 0;
+    std::vector<std::string> skipped;
+    for (const auto& [name, text] : controls) {
+        const size_t control = ControlIndexForDolphinName(name);
+        if (control == kControls.size()) {
+            if (name.rfind("Main Stick/", 0) == 0 || name.rfind("C-Stick/", 0) == 0) {
+                skipped.push_back(name);
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        std::string parseError;
+        if (!SetExpression(port, control, text, parseError)) {
+            skipped.push_back(name);
+            RT_LOG(RT_TAG_CONFIG) << "import " << name << ": " << parseError << std::endl;
+            continue;
+        }
+        ++imported;
+    }
+
+    summary = "Imported " + std::to_string(imported) + " controls";
+    if (!device.empty()) {
+        summary += " from " + device;
+    }
+    if (!skipped.empty()) {
+        summary += "; skipped " + std::to_string(skipped.size()) +
+                   " (stick axes and unsupported inputs keep their existing mapping)";
+    }
+    return imported;
+}
+
+} // namespace InputBindings

runtime/src/input_expr.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,631 @@
+#include "input_expr.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cctype>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+namespace InputExpr {
+namespace {
+
+using Clock = std::chrono::steady_clock;
+using FSec = std::chrono::duration<double>;
+
+enum class Kind {
+    Literal, Input, Not, Add, Sub, Mul, Div, And, Or, Xor,
+    Greater, Less, Equal,
+    FnIf, FnMin, FnMax, FnClamp, FnAbs, FnSqrt, FnPow, FnSin, FnCos, FnTan,
+    FnDeadzone, FnTimer, FnToggle, FnHold, FnTap, FnPulse, FnSmooth, FnNot,
+};
+
+struct FnInfo {
+    Kind kind;
+    int minArgs;
+    int maxArgs;
+};
+
+const std::unordered_map<std::string, FnInfo>& FunctionTable() {
+    static const std::unordered_map<std::string, FnInfo> table = {
+        {"not", {Kind::FnNot, 1, 1}},       {"if", {Kind::FnIf, 3, 3}},
+        {"min", {Kind::FnMin, 2, 2}},       {"max", {Kind::FnMax, 2, 2}},
+        {"clamp", {Kind::FnClamp, 3, 3}},   {"abs", {Kind::FnAbs, 1, 1}},
+        {"sqrt", {Kind::FnSqrt, 1, 1}},     {"pow", {Kind::FnPow, 2, 2}},
+        {"sin", {Kind::FnSin, 1, 1}},       {"cos", {Kind::FnCos, 1, 1}},
+        {"tan", {Kind::FnTan, 1, 1}},       {"deadzone", {Kind::FnDeadzone, 2, 2}},
+        {"timer", {Kind::FnTimer, 1, 1}},   {"toggle", {Kind::FnToggle, 1, 2}},
+        {"hold", {Kind::FnHold, 2, 2}},     {"tap", {Kind::FnTap, 2, 3}},
+        {"pulse", {Kind::FnPulse, 2, 2}},   {"smooth", {Kind::FnSmooth, 2, 3}},
+    };
+    return table;
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+struct Node {
+    Kind kind;
+    double literal = 0.0;
+    std::string input;
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Node>> args;
+
+    // Per-instance state for the stateful functions. Mutable because Evaluate
+    // is logically a read of current input state.
+    mutable bool released = false;
+    mutable bool state = false;
+    mutable unsigned taps = 0;
+    mutable double value = 0.0;
+    mutable Clock::time_point mark = Clock::now();
+    mutable bool marked = false;
+};
+
+namespace {
+
+// ---- tokenizer ----------------------------------------------------------
+
+struct Token {
+    enum Type { End, Input, Number, Ident, Op, LParen, RParen, Comma } type = End;
+    std::string text;
+};
+
+class Lexer {
+public:
+    explicit Lexer(const std::string& text) : m_text(text) {}
+
+    bool Next(Token& tok, std::string& error) {
+        while (m_pos < m_text.size() && std::isspace(static_cast<unsigned char>(m_text[m_pos]))) {
+            ++m_pos;
+        }
+        if (m_pos >= m_text.size()) {
+            tok = Token{};
+            return true;
+        }
+        const char c = m_text[m_pos];
+        if (c == '`') {
+            const size_t close = m_text.find('`', m_pos + 1);
+            if (close == std::string::npos) {
+                error = "unterminated ` in expression";
+                return false;
+            }
+            tok.type = Token::Input;
+            tok.text = m_text.substr(m_pos + 1, close - m_pos - 1);
+            m_pos = close + 1;
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (std::isdigit(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)) || c == '.') {
+            size_t end = m_pos;
+            while (end < m_text.size() &&
+                   (std::isdigit(static_cast<unsigned char>(m_text[end])) || m_text[end] == '.')) {
+                ++end;
+            }
+            tok.type = Token::Number;
+            tok.text = m_text.substr(m_pos, end - m_pos);
+            m_pos = end;
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (std::isalpha(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)) || c == '_') {
+            size_t end = m_pos;
+            while (end < m_text.size() &&
+                   (std::isalnum(static_cast<unsigned char>(m_text[end])) || m_text[end] == '_' ||
+                    m_text[end] == ' ')) {
+                ++end;
+            }
+            // Trailing spaces belong to the separator, not the identifier.
+            while (end > m_pos && m_text[end - 1] == ' ') {
+                --end;
+            }
+            tok.type = Token::Ident;
+            tok.text = m_text.substr(m_pos, end - m_pos);
+            m_pos = end;
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (c == '(') { tok.type = Token::LParen; ++m_pos; return true; }
+        if (c == ')') { tok.type = Token::RParen; ++m_pos; return true; }
+        if (c == ',') { tok.type = Token::Comma; ++m_pos; return true; }
+        if (std::string("!&|^+-*/><=").find(c) != std::string::npos) {
+            tok.type = Token::Op;
+            tok.text = std::string(1, c);
+            ++m_pos;
+            return true;
+        }
+        error = std::string("unexpected character '") + c + "' in expression";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    size_t Position() const { return m_pos; }
+
+private:
+    const std::string& m_text;
+    size_t m_pos = 0;
+};
+
+// ---- parser -------------------------------------------------------------
+
+using NodePtr = std::unique_ptr<Node>;
+
+class Parser {
+public:
+    explicit Parser(const std::string& text) : m_lexer(text) { Advance(); }
+
+    NodePtr ParseExpression(std::string& error) {
+        NodePtr node = ParseBinary(0, error);
+        if (!node) {
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        if (m_failed) {
+            error = m_lexError;
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        if (m_tok.type != Token::End) {
+            error = "unexpected trailing input in expression";
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        return node;
+    }
+
+private:
+    void Advance() {
+        if (!m_lexer.Next(m_tok, m_lexError)) {
+            m_tok = Token{};
+            m_failed = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static int Precedence(const std::string& op) {
+        if (op == "|") return 1;
+        if (op == "^") return 2;
+        if (op == "&") return 3;
+        if (op == ">" || op == "<" || op == "=") return 4;
+        if (op == "+" || op == "-") return 5;
+        if (op == "*" || op == "/") return 6;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    static Kind BinaryKind(const std::string& op) {
+        if (op == "|") return Kind::Or;
+        if (op == "^") return Kind::Xor;
+        if (op == "&") return Kind::And;
+        if (op == ">") return Kind::Greater;
+        if (op == "<") return Kind::Less;
+        if (op == "=") return Kind::Equal;
+        if (op == "+") return Kind::Add;
+        if (op == "-") return Kind::Sub;
+        if (op == "*") return Kind::Mul;
+        return Kind::Div;
+    }
+
+    NodePtr ParseBinary(int minPrec, std::string& error) {
+        NodePtr lhs = ParseUnary(error);
+        if (!lhs) {
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        while (m_tok.type == Token::Op) {
+            const int prec = Precedence(m_tok.text);
+            if (prec < 0 || prec < minPrec) {
+                break;
+            }
+            const std::string op = m_tok.text;
+            Advance();
+            NodePtr rhs = ParseBinary(prec + 1, error);
+            if (!rhs) {
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+            auto node = std::make_unique<Node>();
+            node->kind = BinaryKind(op);
+            node->args.push_back(std::move(lhs));
+            node->args.push_back(std::move(rhs));
+            lhs = std::move(node);
+        }
+        return lhs;
+    }
+
+    NodePtr ParseUnary(std::string& error) {
+        if (m_failed) {
+            error = m_lexError;
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        if (m_tok.type == Token::Op && (m_tok.text == "!" || m_tok.text == "-" || m_tok.text == "+")) {
+            const std::string op = m_tok.text;
+            Advance();
+            NodePtr inner = ParseUnary(error);
+            if (!inner) {
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+            if (op == "+") {
+                return inner;
+            }
+            auto node = std::make_unique<Node>();
+            if (op == "!") {
+                node->kind = Kind::Not;
+                node->args.push_back(std::move(inner));
+            } else {
+                node->kind = Kind::Sub;
+                auto zero = std::make_unique<Node>();
+                zero->kind = Kind::Literal;
+                node->args.push_back(std::move(zero));
+                node->args.push_back(std::move(inner));
+            }
+            return node;
+        }
+        return ParsePrimary(error);
+    }
+
+    NodePtr ParsePrimary(std::string& error) {
+        if (m_failed) {
+            error = m_lexError;
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        switch (m_tok.type) {
+        case Token::Input: {
+            auto node = std::make_unique<Node>();
+            node->kind = Kind::Input;
+            node->input = m_tok.text;
+            Advance();
+            return node;
+        }
+        case Token::Number: {
+            auto node = std::make_unique<Node>();
+            node->kind = Kind::Literal;
+            node->literal = std::strtod(m_tok.text.c_str(), nullptr);
+            Advance();
+            return node;
+        }
+        case Token::LParen: {
+            Advance();
+            NodePtr inner = ParseBinary(0, error);
+            if (!inner) {
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+            if (m_tok.type != Token::RParen) {
+                error = "expected closing paren";
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+            Advance();
+            return inner;
+        }
+        case Token::Ident: {
+            const std::string name = m_tok.text;
+            Advance();
+            if (m_tok.type != Token::LParen) {
+                // A bare identifier is an input name, as Dolphin allows for
+                // simple cases such as "Start" or "LSHIFT".
+                auto node = std::make_unique<Node>();
+                node->kind = Kind::Input;
+                node->input = name;
+                return node;
+            }
+            const auto it = FunctionTable().find(name);
+            if (it == FunctionTable().end()) {
+                error = "unknown function '" + name + "'";
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+            Advance();
+            auto node = std::make_unique<Node>();
+            node->kind = it->second.kind;
+            if (m_tok.type != Token::RParen) {
+                while (true) {
+                    NodePtr arg = ParseBinary(0, error);
+                    if (!arg) {
+                        return nullptr;
+                    }
+                    node->args.push_back(std::move(arg));
+                    if (m_tok.type != Token::Comma) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    Advance();
+                }
+            }
+            if (m_tok.type != Token::RParen) {
+                error = "expected closing paren after " + name + " arguments";
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+            Advance();
+            const int count = static_cast<int>(node->args.size());
+            if (count < it->second.minArgs || count > it->second.maxArgs) {
+                error = name + " takes " + std::to_string(it->second.minArgs) + " to " +
+                        std::to_string(it->second.maxArgs) + " arguments";
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+            return node;
+        }
+        default:
+            error = "expected start of expression";
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Lexer m_lexer;
+    Token m_tok;
+    std::string m_lexError;
+    bool m_failed = false;
+};
+
+// ---- evaluator ----------------------------------------------------------
+
+double Eval(const Node& node, const InputSource& source);
+
+double Arg(const Node& node, size_t index, const InputSource& source) {
+    return Eval(*node.args[index], source);
+}
+
+double Eval(const Node& node, const InputSource& source) {
+    switch (node.kind) {
+    case Kind::Literal: return node.literal;
+    case Kind::Input:   return source ? source(node.input) : 0.0;
+    case Kind::Not:
+    case Kind::FnNot:   return 1.0 - Arg(node, 0, source);
+    case Kind::Add:     return Arg(node, 0, source) + Arg(node, 1, source);
+    case Kind::Sub:     return Arg(node, 0, source) - Arg(node, 1, source);
+    case Kind::Mul:     return Arg(node, 0, source) * Arg(node, 1, source);
+    case Kind::Div: {
+        // Both sides are evaluated even when the divisor is zero: the left
+        // subtree may hold stateful functions that need their frame update.
+        const double lhs = Arg(node, 0, source);
+        const double rhs = Arg(node, 1, source);
+        return rhs == 0.0 ? 0.0 : lhs / rhs;
+    }
+    case Kind::And:     return std::min(Arg(node, 0, source), Arg(node, 1, source));
+    case Kind::Or:      return std::max(Arg(node, 0, source), Arg(node, 1, source));
+    case Kind::Xor: {
+        const double a = Arg(node, 0, source);
+        const double b = Arg(node, 1, source);
+        return std::max(std::min(a, 1.0 - b), std::min(b, 1.0 - a));
+    }
+    case Kind::Greater: return Arg(node, 0, source) > Arg(node, 1, source) ? 1.0 : 0.0;
+    case Kind::Less:    return Arg(node, 0, source) < Arg(node, 1, source) ? 1.0 : 0.0;
+    case Kind::Equal:   return Arg(node, 0, source) == Arg(node, 1, source) ? 1.0 : 0.0;
+    case Kind::FnIf:
+        return Arg(node, 0, source) > kConditionThreshold ? Arg(node, 1, source) : Arg(node, 2, source);
+    case Kind::FnMin:   return std::min(Arg(node, 0, source), Arg(node, 1, source));
+    case Kind::FnMax:   return std::max(Arg(node, 0, source), Arg(node, 1, source));
+    case Kind::FnClamp: {
+        const double v = Arg(node, 0, source);
+        double lo = Arg(node, 1, source);
+        double hi = Arg(node, 2, source);
+        if (lo > hi) {
+            std::swap(lo, hi);
+        }
+        return std::clamp(v, lo, hi);
+    }
+    case Kind::FnAbs:   return std::abs(Arg(node, 0, source));
+    case Kind::FnSqrt:  return std::sqrt(Arg(node, 0, source));
+    case Kind::FnPow:   return std::pow(Arg(node, 0, source), Arg(node, 1, source));
+    case Kind::FnSin:   return std::sin(Arg(node, 0, source));
+    case Kind::FnCos:   return std::cos(Arg(node, 0, source));
+    case Kind::FnTan:   return std::tan(Arg(node, 0, source));
+    case Kind::FnDeadzone: {
+        const double v = Arg(node, 0, source);
+        const double dz = std::clamp(Arg(node, 1, source), 0.0, 0.999);
+        return std::copysign(std::max(0.0, std::abs(v) - dz) / (1.0 - dz), v);
+    }
+    case Kind::FnTimer: {
+        const auto now = Clock::now();
+        if (!node.marked) {
+            node.mark = now;
+            node.marked = true;
+        }
+        const double period = Arg(node, 0, source);
+        double progress = std::chrono::duration_cast<FSec>(now - node.mark).count() / period;
+        if (!std::isfinite(progress) || progress < 0.0) {
+            progress = 0.0;
+            node.mark = now;
+        } else if (progress >= 1.0) {
+            const double resets = std::floor(progress);
+            node.mark += std::chrono::duration_cast<Clock::duration>(FSec(period * resets));
+            progress -= resets;
+        }
+        return progress;
+    }
+    case Kind::FnToggle: {
+        const double inner = Arg(node, 0, source);
+        if (inner < kConditionThreshold) {
+            node.released = true;
+        } else if (node.released) {
+            node.released = false;
+            node.state = !node.state;
+        }
+        if (node.args.size() == 2 && Arg(node, 1, source) > kConditionThreshold) {
+            node.state = false;
+        }
+        return node.state ? 1.0 : 0.0;
+    }
+    case Kind::FnHold: {
+        const auto now = Clock::now();
+        if (!node.marked) {
+            node.mark = now;
+            node.marked = true;
+        }
+        const double input = Arg(node, 0, source);
+        if (input < kConditionThreshold) {
+            node.state = false;
+            node.mark = now;
+        } else if (!node.state) {
+            if (std::chrono::duration_cast<FSec>(now - node.mark).count() >= Arg(node, 1, source)) {
+                node.state = true;
+            }
+        }
+        return node.state ? 1.0 : 0.0;
+    }
+    case Kind::FnTap: {
+        const auto now = Clock::now();
+        if (!node.marked) {
+            node.mark = now;
+            node.marked = true;
+        }
+        const double elapsed = std::chrono::duration_cast<FSec>(now - node.mark).count();
+        const double input = Arg(node, 0, source);
+        const bool timeUp = elapsed > Arg(node, 1, source);
+        // The count is user authored, so a negative or huge value must not
+        // reach the unsigned conversion.
+        double requested = node.args.size() == 3 ? Arg(node, 2, source) : 2.0;
+        if (!std::isfinite(requested)) {
+            requested = 2.0;
+        }
+        const auto desired = static_cast<unsigned>(std::clamp(requested + 0.5, 1.0, 64.0));
+        if (input < kConditionThreshold) {
+            node.released = true;
+            if (node.taps > 0 && timeUp) {
+                node.taps = 0;
+            }
+            return 0.0;
+        }
+        if (node.released) {
+            if (node.taps == 0) {
+                node.mark = now;
+            }
+            ++node.taps;
+            node.released = false;
+        }
+        return desired == node.taps ? 1.0 : 0.0;
+    }
+    case Kind::FnPulse: {
+        const auto now = Clock::now();
+        const double input = Arg(node, 0, source);
+        if (input < kConditionThreshold) {
+            node.released = true;
+        } else if (node.released) {
+            node.released = false;
+            const double requested = Arg(node, 1, source);
+            const double safe = std::isfinite(requested) ? std::clamp(requested, 0.0, 3600.0) : 0.0;
+            const auto seconds = std::chrono::duration_cast<Clock::duration>(FSec(safe));
+            if (node.state) {
+                node.mark += seconds;
+            } else {
+                node.state = true;
+                node.mark = now + seconds;
+            }
+        }
+        if (node.state && now >= node.mark) {
+            node.state = false;
+        }
+        return node.state ? 1.0 : 0.0;
+    }
+    case Kind::FnSmooth: {
+        const auto now = Clock::now();
+        if (!node.marked) {
+            node.mark = now;
+            node.marked = true;
+        }
+        const double elapsed = std::chrono::duration_cast<FSec>(now - node.mark).count();
+        node.mark = now;
+        const double desired = Arg(node, 0, source);
+        const double up = Arg(node, 1, source);
+        const double down = node.args.size() == 3 ? Arg(node, 2, source) : up;
+        const double rate = (desired < node.value) ? down : up;
+        const double maxMove = elapsed / rate;
+        if (!std::isfinite(maxMove)) {
+            node.value = desired;
+        } else {
+            const double diff = desired - node.value;
+            node.value += std::copysign(std::min(maxMove, std::abs(diff)), diff);
+        }
+        return node.value;
+    }
+    }
+    return 0.0;
+}
+
+void Collect(const Node& node, std::vector<std::string>& out) {
+    if (node.kind == Kind::Input) {
+        if (std::find(out.begin(), out.end(), node.input) == out.end()) {
+            out.push_back(node.input);
+        }
+    }
+    for (const auto& arg : node.args) {
+        Collect(*arg, out);
+    }
+}
+
+std::string Trim(const std::string& text) {
+    const size_t begin = text.find_first_not_of(" \t\r\n");
+    if (begin == std::string::npos) {
+        return {};
+    }
+    return text.substr(begin, text.find_last_not_of(" \t\r\n") - begin + 1);
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+Expression::Expression() = default;
+Expression::~Expression() = default;
+Expression::Expression(Expression&&) noexcept = default;
+Expression& Expression::operator=(Expression&&) noexcept = default;
+
+bool Expression::Parse(const std::string& text, Expression& out, std::string& error) {
+    out.m_root.reset();
+    if (Trim(text).empty()) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    Parser parser(text);
+    NodePtr root = parser.ParseExpression(error);
+    if (!root) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    out.m_root = std::move(root);
+    return true;
+}
+
+double Expression::Evaluate(const InputSource& source) const {
+    if (m_root == nullptr) {
+        return 0.0;
+    }
+    const double value = Eval(*m_root, source);
+    return std::isfinite(value) ? value : 0.0;
+}
+
+std::vector<std::string> Expression::ReferencedInputs() const {
+    std::vector<std::string> out;
+    if (m_root) {
+        Collect(*m_root, out);
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+
+bool ReadDolphinConfig(const std::filesystem::path& path, int padIndex,
+                       std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>>& controls,
+                       std::string& deviceName, std::string& error) {
+    std::ifstream file(path);
+    if (!file) {
+        error = "could not open " + path.string();
+        return false;
+    }
+    const std::string wanted = "[GCPad" + std::to_string(padIndex) + "]";
+    bool inSection = false;
+    bool found = false;
+    std::string line;
+    controls.clear();
+    deviceName.clear();
+    while (std::getline(file, line)) {
+        const std::string trimmed = Trim(line);
+        if (trimmed.empty() || trimmed[0] == '#' || trimmed[0] == ';') {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (trimmed.front() == '[') {
+            inSection = trimmed == wanted;
+            found = found || inSection;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (!inSection) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        const size_t eq = trimmed.find('=');
+        if (eq == std::string::npos) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        const std::string key = Trim(trimmed.substr(0, eq));
+        const std::string value = Trim(trimmed.substr(eq + 1));
+        if (key == "Device") {
+            deviceName = value;
+        } else if (!value.empty()) {
+            controls.emplace_back(key, value);
+        }
+    }
+    if (!found) {
+        error = wanted + " not found in " + path.string();
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+} // namespace InputExpr

runtime/src/settings_overlay.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #include "settings_overlay.h"
 #include "audio_backend.h"
+#include "controller_button_names.h"
 #include "controller_mapping_wizard.h"
+#include "input_bindings.h"
 #include "game_graphics_options.h"
 #include "music_attenuation.h"
 #include "runtime_config.h"
@@ -34,6 +36,8 @@
 #endif
 
 #include <dolphin/pad.h>
+
+extern "C" void PAD_HLE_SetRumbleEnabled(bool enabled);
 #include <dolphin/vi.h>
 #include <aurora/aurora.h>
 #include <aurora/gfx.h>
@@ -65,6 +69,7 @@ const char* GraphicsApiDisplayName() {
 }
 
 bool g_topBarVisible = false;
+bool g_rumbleEnabled = RuntimeConfigFile::RumbleEnabled(true);
 int g_controllerPort = 0;
 float g_resolutionScale = RuntimeConfigFile::ResolutionMultiplier(1.0f);
 int g_audioVolumePercent = static_cast<int>(std::lround(RuntimeConfigFile::AudioVolume(1.0f) * 100.0f));
@@ -106,62 +111,9 @@ std::array<int32_t, PAD_MAX_CONTROLLERS> g_configuredControllerIndices = [] {
     return indices;
 }();
 
-struct ControllerButtonItem {
+using ControllerNames::kNativeButtons;
-    const char* configKey;
+using ControllerNames::NativeButtonItem;
-    const char* label;
+constexpr const auto& kControllerButtons = ControllerNames::kGameCubeButtons;
-    PADButton padButton;
-};
-
-constexpr std::array<ControllerButtonItem, PAD_BUTTON_COUNT> kControllerButtons = {{
-    {"a", "A", PAD_BUTTON_A},
-    {"b", "B", PAD_BUTTON_B},
-    {"x", "X", PAD_BUTTON_X},
-    {"y", "Y", PAD_BUTTON_Y},
-    {"start", "Start", PAD_BUTTON_START},
-    {"z", "Z", PAD_TRIGGER_Z},
-    {"l", "L", PAD_TRIGGER_L},
-    {"r", "R", PAD_TRIGGER_R},
-    {"up", "D-pad Up", PAD_BUTTON_UP},
-    {"down", "D-pad Down", PAD_BUTTON_DOWN},
-    {"left", "D-pad Left", PAD_BUTTON_LEFT},
-    {"right", "D-pad Right", PAD_BUTTON_RIGHT},
-}};
-
-struct NativeButtonItem {
-    const char* configName;
-    const char* label;
-    uint32_t nativeButton;
-};
-
-constexpr std::array<NativeButtonItem, SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_COUNT + 1> kNativeButtons = {{
-    {"unmapped", "Unmapped / analog trigger", PAD_NATIVE_BUTTON_INVALID},
-    {"south", "South (A / Cross)", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_SOUTH},
-    {"east", "East (B / Circle)", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_EAST},
-    {"west", "West (X / Square)", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_WEST},
-    {"north", "North (Y / Triangle)", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_NORTH},
-    {"back", "Back / Select", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_BACK},
-    {"guide", "Guide / Home", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_GUIDE},
-    {"start", "Start / Options", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_START},
-    {"left_stick", "Left stick click", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_LEFT_STICK},
-    {"right_stick", "Right stick click", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_RIGHT_STICK},
-    {"left_shoulder", "Left shoulder", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_LEFT_SHOULDER},
-    {"right_shoulder", "Right shoulder", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_RIGHT_SHOULDER},
-    {"dpad_up", "D-pad Up", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_DPAD_UP},
-    {"dpad_down", "D-pad Down", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_DPAD_DOWN},
-    {"dpad_left", "D-pad Left", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_DPAD_LEFT},
-    {"dpad_right", "D-pad Right", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_DPAD_RIGHT},
-    {"misc1", "Misc 1 / Share", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_MISC1},
-    {"right_paddle1", "Right paddle 1", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_RIGHT_PADDLE1},
-    {"left_paddle1", "Left paddle 1", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_LEFT_PADDLE1},
-    {"right_paddle2", "Right paddle 2", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_RIGHT_PADDLE2},
-    {"left_paddle2", "Left paddle 2", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_LEFT_PADDLE2},
-    {"touchpad", "Touchpad", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_TOUCHPAD},
-    {"misc2", "Misc 2", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_MISC2},
-    {"misc3", "Misc 3 / GC L click", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_MISC3},
-    {"misc4", "Misc 4 / GC R click", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_MISC4},
-    {"misc5", "Misc 5", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_MISC5},
-    {"misc6", "Misc 6", SDL_GAMEPAD_BUTTON_MISC6},
-}};
 
 // Classic Controller Pro layout, indexed like kControllerButtons: the SNES-style
 // diamond (A right, B bottom, X top, Y left) with digital bumpers driving the GC
@@ -178,6 +130,13 @@ constexpr std::array<const char*, PAD_BUTTON_COUNT> kClassicProPreset = {
     "dpad_up", "dpad_down", "dpad_left", "dpad_right",
 };
 
+// PlayStation layout: bumpers drive the GC triggers, Z moves to Create/Share.
+constexpr std::array<const char*, PAD_BUTTON_COUNT> kPlayStationPreset = {
+    "south", "east", "west", "north", "start", "back",
+    "left_shoulder", "right_shoulder",
+    "dpad_up", "dpad_down", "dpad_left", "dpad_right",
+};
+
 struct ResolutionItem {
     const char* label;
     float scale;
@@ -225,43 +184,25 @@ void LimitResolutionForFrameRate() {
     }
 }
 
-const NativeButtonItem* FindNativeButton(std::string value) {
+using ControllerNames::FindNativeButton;
-    const auto it = std::find_if(kNativeButtons.begin(), kNativeButtons.end(), [&](const NativeButtonItem& item) {
-        return value == item.configName;
-    });
-    return it == kNativeButtons.end() ? nullptr : &*it;
-}
 
 struct ControllerBindingPair {
     std::string primary;
     std::string secondary;
 };
 
-std::string TrimBindingToken(const std::string& token) {
-    const size_t begin = token.find_first_not_of(" \t");
-    if (begin == std::string::npos) {
-        return {};
-    }
-    const size_t end = token.find_last_not_of(" \t");
-    return token.substr(begin, end - begin + 1);
-}
 
 // Config values hold up to two comma-separated button names ("dpad_up" or
 // "dpad_up,left_shoulder"); pressing either one counts as the GC button.
 ControllerBindingPair SplitControllerBinding(const std::string& value) {
     const size_t comma = value.find(',');
     if (comma == std::string::npos) {
-        return {TrimBindingToken(value), {}};
+        return {ControllerNames::TrimToken(value), {}};
     }
-    return {TrimBindingToken(value.substr(0, comma)), TrimBindingToken(value.substr(comma + 1))};
+    return {ControllerNames::TrimToken(value.substr(0, comma)), ControllerNames::TrimToken(value.substr(comma + 1))};
 }
 
-const NativeButtonItem& NativeButtonForValue(uint32_t nativeButton) {
+using ControllerNames::NativeButtonForValue;
-    const auto it = std::find_if(kNativeButtons.begin(), kNativeButtons.end(), [&](const NativeButtonItem& item) {
-        return nativeButton == item.nativeButton;
-    });
-    return it == kNativeButtons.end() ? kNativeButtons.front() : *it;
-}
 
 void SetTopBarVisible(bool visible) {
     if (g_topBarVisible == visible) {
@@ -321,7 +262,7 @@ void ApplyConfiguredMappings() {
 }
 
 bool g_wiiRemotesEnabled = RuntimeConfigFile::WiiRemotesEnabled(true);
-bool g_wiiContinuousScan = RuntimeConfigFile::WiiContinuousScanEnabled(true);
+bool g_wiiContinuousScan = RuntimeConfigFile::WiiContinuousScanEnabled(false);
 
 // Accelerometer readout and zero-point calibration for a bare remote / remote + Nunchuk.
 void DrawWiiRemoteAccelerometer(uint32_t port) {
@@ -455,6 +396,100 @@ void DrawWiiRemoteSettings(uint32_t selectedGamePort) {
 }
 
 // Controller settings menu: port selection, controller assignment and button mapping.
+int ExpressionResizeCallback(ImGuiInputTextCallbackData* data) {
+    if (data->EventFlag == ImGuiInputTextFlags_CallbackResize) {
+        auto* text = static_cast<std::string*>(data->UserData);
+        text->resize(static_cast<size_t>(data->BufTextLen));
+        data->Buf = text->data();
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void DrawExpressionSettings() {
+    ImGui::SeparatorText("Expressions (Dolphin syntax)");
+    ImGui::PushTextWrapPos(ImGui::GetCursorPosX() + 440.0f);
+    ImGui::TextDisabled(
+        "Optional. An expression overrides nothing: its result is combined with the "
+        "button mapping above. Operators ! & | ^ and functions if, min, max, clamp, "
+        "timer, toggle, hold, tap, pulse, smooth, deadzone behave as they do in Dolphin.");
+    ImGui::PopTextWrapPos();
+
+    static std::array<std::string, InputBindings::kControls.size()> errors;
+    static std::array<std::string, InputBindings::kControls.size()> buffers;
+    static std::string importStatus;
+    static int loadedPort = -1;
+    static bool reloadBuffers = true;
+    const auto port = static_cast<uint32_t>(g_controllerPort);
+
+    if (loadedPort != g_controllerPort || reloadBuffers) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < buffers.size(); ++i) {
+            buffers[i] = InputBindings::GetExpression(port, i);
+        }
+        errors.fill(std::string());
+        loadedPort = g_controllerPort;
+        reloadBuffers = false;
+    }
+
+    if (ImGui::Button("Import from Dolphin")) {
+        const std::string path = InputBindings::DefaultDolphinConfigPath();
+        std::string summary;
+        std::string error;
+        if (InputBindings::ImportDolphinConfig(path, g_controllerPort + 1, port, summary, error) < 0) {
+            importStatus = error;
+        } else {
+            importStatus = summary;
+            errors.fill(std::string());
+            reloadBuffers = true;
+        }
+    }
+    if (ImGui::IsItemHovered()) {
+        ImGui::SetTooltip("Reads [GCPad%d] from %%APPDATA%%\\Dolphin Emulator\\Config\\GCPadNew.ini,\n"
+                          "or GCPadNew.ini next to the executable.", g_controllerPort + 1);
+    }
+    if (!importStatus.empty()) {
+        ImGui::TextDisabled("%s", importStatus.c_str());
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < InputBindings::kControls.size(); ++i) {
+        ImGui::PushID(static_cast<int>(i) + 2000);
+        std::string& text = buffers[i];
+        ImGui::SetNextItemWidth(300.0f);
+        if (ImGui::InputText(InputBindings::kControls[i].label, text.data(), text.capacity() + 1,
+                             ImGuiInputTextFlags_EnterReturnsTrue | ImGuiInputTextFlags_CallbackResize,
+                             ExpressionResizeCallback, &text)) {
+            std::string error;
+            errors[i] = InputBindings::SetExpression(port, i, text, error) ? std::string() : error;
+        }
+        if (InputBindings::IsActive(port, i)) {
+            ImGui::SameLine();
+            ImGui::TextColored(ImVec4(0.4f, 0.9f, 0.4f, 1.0f), "active");
+        }
+        if (!errors[i].empty()) {
+            ImGui::TextColored(ImVec4(1.0f, 0.65f, 0.3f, 1.0f), "%s", errors[i].c_str());
+        }
+        ImGui::PopID();
+    }
+}
+
+void DrawRumbleSettings() {
+    ImGui::SeparatorText("Vibration");
+    if (ImGui::Checkbox("Controller vibration", &g_rumbleEnabled)) {
+        PAD_HLE_SetRumbleEnabled(g_rumbleEnabled);
+        RuntimeConfigFile::SetRumbleEnabled(g_rumbleEnabled);
+        if (!g_rumbleEnabled) {
+            // Stop whatever is already running: the game will not send another
+            // motor command until its own state machine decides to.
+            constexpr std::array<uint32_t, PAD_MAX_CONTROLLERS> stopAll{
+                PAD_MOTOR_STOP_HARD, PAD_MOTOR_STOP_HARD, PAD_MOTOR_STOP_HARD, PAD_MOTOR_STOP_HARD,
+            };
+            PADControlAllMotors(stopAll.data());
+        }
+    }
+    if (ImGui::IsItemHovered()) {
+        ImGui::SetTooltip("Applies to every port.");
+    }
+}
+
 void DrawControllerSettings() {
     for (int port = 0; port < PAD_MAX_CONTROLLERS; ++port) {
         const std::string label = "Port " + std::to_string(port + 1);
@@ -543,20 +578,28 @@ void DrawControllerSettings() {
         PADSerializeMappings();
         mappings = PADGetButtonMappings(port, &mappingCount);
     }
-    ImGui::SameLine();
+    const auto applyPreset = [&](const std::array<const char*, PAD_BUTTON_COUNT>& preset) {
-    if (ImGui::Button("Classic Controller Pro")) {
         const uint32_t port = static_cast<uint32_t>(g_controllerPort);
         for (size_t i = 0; i < kControllerButtons.size(); ++i) {
-            if (const NativeButtonItem* native = FindNativeButton(kClassicProPreset[i])) {
+            if (const NativeButtonItem* native = FindNativeButton(preset[i])) {
                 PADSetButtonMapping(port, PADButtonMapping{native->nativeButton, kControllerButtons[i].padButton});
                 PADSetAltButtonMapping(port,
                                        PADButtonMapping{PAD_NATIVE_BUTTON_INVALID, kControllerButtons[i].padButton});
-                RuntimeConfigFile::SetControllerButton(i, kClassicProPreset[i]);
+                RuntimeConfigFile::SetControllerButton(i, preset[i]);
             }
         }
         altRowExpanded.fill(false);
         PADSerializeMappings();
         mappings = PADGetButtonMappings(port, &mappingCount);
+    };
+
+    ImGui::SameLine();
+    if (ImGui::Button("Classic Controller Pro")) {
+        applyPreset(kClassicProPreset);
+    }
+    ImGui::SameLine();
+    if (ImGui::Button("PlayStation")) {
+        applyPreset(kPlayStationPreset);
     }
 
     ImGui::SeparatorText("Button mapping");
@@ -638,6 +681,8 @@ void DrawControllerSettings() {
         ImGui::TextUnformatted(kControllerButtons[i].label);
         ImGui::PopID();
     }
+    DrawExpressionSettings();
+    DrawRumbleSettings();
 }
 
 void DrawAudioSettings() {
@@ -992,6 +1037,8 @@ void PersistDisplayModeIfChanged() {
 } // namespace
 
 void InitializeRuntimeSettings() noexcept {
+    PAD_HLE_SetRumbleEnabled(g_rumbleEnabled);
+    InputBindings::Reload();
     controller_mapping_wizard::LoadPersistedMappings();
     ApplyConfiguredMappings();
     AudioBackend::Instance().SetMasterVolume(static_cast<float>(g_audioVolumePercent) / 100.0f);
@@ -1012,6 +1059,7 @@ void InitializeRuntimeSettings() noexcept {
     g_strapInputAccepted.store(false, std::memory_order_relaxed);
     g_startupDismissFrame.store(UINT64_MAX, std::memory_order_relaxed);
     PADBlockInput(false);
+    InputBindings::SetInputBlocked(false);
 }
 
 void HandleEvents(const AuroraEvent* events) noexcept {
@@ -1054,7 +1102,9 @@ void Draw() noexcept {
     DrawTopBar();
     controller_mapping_wizard::Draw();
     // The wizard captures raw presses; keep them out of the game.
-    PADBlockInput(controller_mapping_wizard::IsActive());
+    const bool inputBlocked = controller_mapping_wizard::IsActive();
+    PADBlockInput(inputBlocked);
+    InputBindings::SetInputBlocked(inputBlocked);
     DrawStartupScreen();
 }
 

runtime/src/wii_remote_input.cpp

@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 #include <cstdio>
 #include <cstring>
 #include <fstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_set>
 
 namespace WiiRemoteInput {
 namespace {
@@ -346,6 +348,10 @@ bool AnyWiiControllerConnected() {
 
 // Route SDL's input diagnostics (HIDAPI open failures, the Wii driver's
 // extension/status messages) into console.log, minus the periodic chatter.
+// A sub-warning message is written once: SDL repeats the same line on every
+// enumeration (one "couldn't open /dev/hidraw7: Permission denied" per HID
+// device per pass), and console.log is unbuffered, so the repeats were a
+// per-pass burst of writes on the main thread for no new information.
 void SDLCALL LogSdlMessage(void*, int category, SDL_LogPriority priority, const char* message) {
     if (message == nullptr) {
         return;
@@ -354,11 +360,42 @@ void SDLCALL LogSdlMessage(void*, int category, SDL_LogPriority priority, const
         (std::strstr(message, "Motion Plus") != nullptr || std::strstr(message, "Resetting report mode") != nullptr)) {
         return;
     }
-    if (category == SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_INPUT || priority >= SDL_LOG_PRIORITY_WARN) {
+    if (category != SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_INPUT && priority < SDL_LOG_PRIORITY_WARN) {
-        RT_LOG("sdl") << message << std::endl;
+        return;
     }
+    if (priority < SDL_LOG_PRIORITY_WARN) {
+        // Device paths in these messages keep changing (/dev/hidrawN climbs with
+        // hotplug churn), so cap the set instead of holding one string per line
+        // for the whole session.
+        static std::unordered_set<std::string> s_seen;
+        if (s_seen.size() >= 256) {
+            s_seen.clear();
+        }
+        if (!s_seen.insert(message).second) {
+            return;
+        }
+        RT_LOG("sdl") << message << " (further identical messages suppressed)" << std::endl;
+        return;
+    }
+    RT_LOG("sdl") << message << std::endl;
 }
 
+// Whether Poll() drives its own periodic re-enumeration. The 1->0->1 hint
+// flip below makes SDL close and re-open every HIDAPI device on the main
+// thread, and on Linux that means an open() attempt on every /dev/hidraw node
+// (each failing with EACCES until a udev rule grants access), which showed up
+// as a frame hitch every scan interval even on an empty menu. It exists for
+// Windows Bluetooth stacks, where a remote that drops or is switched on after
+// launch is not seen again until the driver re-enumerates. Linux and macOS
+// already get hotplug from udev / IOKit: SDL re-enumerates when a device
+// appears, so nothing periodic is needed there. The overlay's "Rescan now"
+// still works everywhere.
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+constexpr bool kPeriodicRescan = true;
+#else
+constexpr bool kPeriodicRescan = false;
+#endif
+
 // Second half of a rescan: re-enables the Wii driver once SDL has seen it off.
 void FinishRescan(uint64_t now) {
     if (g_driverOffSinceMs == 0 || now - g_driverOffSinceMs < kRescanDriverOffMs) {
@@ -444,18 +481,19 @@ void Poll() {
         g_lastScanMs = SDL_GetTicks();
         return;
     }
-    if (!RuntimeConfigFile::WiiContinuousScanEnabled(true)) {
+    if (!RuntimeConfigFile::WiiContinuousScanEnabled(false)) {
         g_scanning = false;
         return;
     }
     const uint64_t now = SDL_GetTicks();
     if (!g_scanning) {
-        RT_LOG(RT_TAG_CONFIG) << "No Wii Remote connected; scanning for one (press 1+2 on the remote)"
+        RT_LOG(RT_TAG_CONFIG) << "No Wii Remote connected; "
-                              << std::endl;
+                              << (kPeriodicRescan ? "scanning for one" : "waiting for one to be paired")
+                              << " (press 1+2 on the remote)" << std::endl;
         g_scanning = true;
         g_lostAtMs = now;
     }
-    if (now - g_lostAtMs < kScanStartDelayMs) {
+    if (!kPeriodicRescan || now - g_lostAtMs < kScanStartDelayMs) {
         return;
     }
     const uint64_t interval = now - g_lostAtMs < kFastScanWindowMs ? kFastScanIntervalMs : kScanIntervalMs;
@@ -470,6 +508,11 @@ bool IsScanning() {
     return g_scanning;
 }
 
+// Whether looking for a remote means periodic rescans or waiting for hotplug.
+bool PeriodicRescanEnabled() {
+    return kPeriodicRescan;
+}
+
 // Number of rescans since a Wii controller was last seen.
 uint32_t ScanCount() {
     return g_scanCount;

runtime/tests/nand_save_tests.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+#include "nand_save_probe.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+namespace fs = std::filesystem;
+using RuntimeNandSave::ReadAction;
+using RuntimeNandSave::Contents;
+
+static void Require(bool condition, const char* message) {
+    if (!condition) throw std::runtime_error(message);
+}
+
+static void Write(const fs::path& path, const std::string& bytes) {
+    fs::create_directories(path.parent_path());
+    std::ofstream output(path, std::ios::binary);
+    output.write(bytes.data(), bytes.size());
+    output.close();
+    Require(static_cast<bool>(output), "Fixture write failed");
+}
+
+static std::string Read(const fs::path& path) {
+    std::ifstream input(path, std::ios::binary);
+    Require(static_cast<bool>(input), "Fixture read failed");
+    return {std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(input), std::istreambuf_iterator<char>()};
+}
+
+// A disk error after zero-filled blocks must not look like a blank file's EOF.
+class FailingDisk : public std::streambuf {
+    int blocks;
+public:
+    explicit FailingDisk(int zeroBlocks) : blocks(zeroBlocks) {}
+    std::streamsize xsgetn(char* buffer, std::streamsize length) override {
+        if (blocks-- <= 0) throw std::runtime_error("injected read failure");
+        std::fill(buffer, buffer + length, '\0');
+        return length;
+    }
+};
+
+int main() {
+    const auto root = fs::temp_directory_path() / ("wiicomp-save-scenarios-" +
+        std::to_string(std::chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count()));
+    try {
+        const auto save = root / "title/00010004/524d4350/data/rksys.dat";
+        const auto shadow = fs::path(save.native() + fs::path(".nandsafe.tmp").native());
+        // Save inspection must leave unrelated NAND data alone. Settings
+        // initialization is covered separately by nand_settings_tests.
+        const auto settingsPath = root / "title/00000001/00000002/data/setting.txt";
+        const std::string identity(256, '\x5a');
+        Write(settingsPath, identity);
+        Require(RuntimeNandSave::CheckRead(save, 1) == ReadAction::Proceed, "Fresh profile follows normal missing-file handling");
+        Require(!fs::exists(save), "Probing fresh profile must not create a save");
+
+        // First launch interrupted before save initialization, including block
+        // boundaries and a full-sized synthetic zero-filled allocation.
+        for (const size_t size : {size_t(0), size_t(1), size_t(4095), size_t(4096), size_t(4097), size_t(3 * 1024 * 1024)}) {
+            const std::string bytes(size, '\0');
+            Write(save, bytes);
+            Require(RuntimeNandSave::CheckRead(save, 1) == ReadAction::Missing, "Blank save should be offered first-save recovery");
+            Require(Read(save) == bytes, "Blank-save detection must not modify the file");
+            for (int mode : {2, 3}) {
+                Require(RuntimeNandSave::CheckRead(save, mode) == ReadAction::Proceed, "Write opens must remain available for initialization");
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Existing saves, imported saves, partial/corrupt saves, and a zero
+        // prefix with data only in the final byte are all left to the game.
+        std::string existing(3 * 1024 * 1024, '\0');
+        existing.replace(0, 8, "RKSD0006");
+        existing[10000] = 42;
+        for (const std::string& bytes : {existing, std::string("RKSD"), std::string("damaged-header"),
+                 std::string(8192, '\0') + "x", std::string(8191, '\0') + "x"}) {
+            Write(save, bytes);
+            Require(RuntimeNandSave::CheckRead(save, 1) == ReadAction::Proceed, "Never hide a save containing any data");
+            Require(Read(save) == bytes, "Existing/partial save must be byte-identical after inspection");
+        }
+
+        // Interrupted replacement: retain a committed original regardless of
+        // whether the shadow is blank, partial, or contains a complete header.
+        Write(save, existing);
+        for (const std::string& bytes : {std::string(), std::string(4096, '\0'), std::string("RKSD"), existing}) {
+            Write(shadow, bytes);
+            Require(RuntimeNandSave::CheckRead(save, 1) == ReadAction::Proceed, "Committed original takes precedence over write shadow");
+            Require(Read(save) == existing && Read(shadow) == bytes, "Probe must preserve both sides of an interrupted write");
+        }
+        // No usable original: do not let missing-save recovery discard the
+        // only possible recovery source, and do not auto-promote that shadow.
+        for (const bool mainExists : {false, true}) {
+            fs::remove(save);
+            if (mainExists) Write(save, std::string(4096, '\0'));
+            Write(shadow, existing);
+            Require(RuntimeNandSave::CheckRead(save, 1) == ReadAction::RecoveryNeeded, "Preserve recovery candidate when original is missing or blank");
+            Require(Read(shadow) == existing, "Recovery candidate must remain unchanged");
+            Require(fs::exists(save) == mainExists, "Do not promote shadow automatically");
+        }
+        Write(shadow, std::string(4096, '\0'));
+        Require(RuntimeNandSave::CheckRead(save, 1) == ReadAction::Missing, "Two blank files may use first-save recovery");
+        fs::remove(shadow);
+
+        for (const char* name : {"rksys.dat.bak", "rksys.dat.backup", "rksys.dat2", "banner.bin", "setting.txt"}) {
+            const auto unrelated = save.parent_path() / name;
+            Write(unrelated, std::string(4096, '\0'));
+            Require(RuntimeNandSave::CheckRead(unrelated, 1) == ReadAction::Proceed, "Do not classify backups or unrelated files as missing saves");
+        }
+        for (int blocks : {0, 1, 2}) {
+            FailingDisk disk(blocks);
+            std::istream input(&disk);
+            Require(RuntimeNandSave::InspectStream(input) == Contents::Error, "Read failure must remain an error, including after zero-filled blocks");
+        }
+        std::istringstream badEof;
+        badEof.setstate(std::ios::badbit | std::ios::eofbit);
+        Require(RuntimeNandSave::InspectStream(badEof) == Contents::Error, "Badbit plus EOF must not imply a blank save");
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+        Write(save, existing);
+        const HANDLE locked = CreateFileW(save.c_str(), GENERIC_READ, 0, nullptr, OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, nullptr);
+        Require(locked != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, "Could not lock fixture");
+        const auto lockedResult = RuntimeNandSave::CheckRead(save, 1);
+        CloseHandle(locked);
+        Require(lockedResult == ReadAction::Error, "Sharing/access failure must not report a missing save");
+        Require(Read(save) == existing, "Locked save must survive inspection unchanged");
+        Require(SetFileAttributesW(save.c_str(), FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY) != 0, "Set fixture read-only");
+        const auto readOnlyResult = RuntimeNandSave::CheckRead(save, 1);
+        SetFileAttributesW(save.c_str(), FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL);
+        Require(readOnlyResult == ReadAction::Proceed && Read(save) == existing, "Readable read-only save remains available");
+#endif
+        Require(Read(settingsPath) == identity, "Save inspection must not change NAND settings");
+        fs::remove_all(root);
+        std::cout << "NAND save startup, preservation, interrupted-write and I/O failure scenarios passed\n";
+        return 0;
+    } catch (const std::exception& error) {
+        std::cerr << error.what() << " (fixtures retained at " << root << ")\n";
+        return 1;
+    }
+}

runtime/tests/nand_settings_tests.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+#include "nand_settings.h"
+
+#include <chrono>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <thread>
+#include <vector>
+
+static void Require(bool condition, const char* message = "NAND settings check failed") {
+    if (!condition) {
+        throw std::runtime_error(message);
+    }
+}
+
+static std::string ReadBytes(const std::filesystem::path& path) {
+    std::ifstream input(path, std::ios::binary);
+    return {std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(input), std::istreambuf_iterator<char>()};
+}
+
+int main() {
+    const auto root = std::filesystem::temp_directory_path() /
+        ("wiicomp-nand-settings-" + std::to_string(
+            std::chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count()));
+    const auto path = root / "title/00000001/00000002/data/setting.txt";
+    try {
+        using namespace RuntimeNandSettings;
+        Require(GenerateSerial(1800000123) == "800000123", "Dolphin timestamp modulo");
+        Require(GenerateSerial(1000000001) == "000000001", "Dolphin leading zero padding");
+        Require(GenerateSerial(-1).empty(), "Invalid clock must not supply an identity");
+        // Golden bytes generated by Dolphin's unmodified SettingsHandler.cpp
+        // (upstream 2026-09-06), PAL boot fields and synthetic serial 000000001.
+        // Everything after this prefix is raw zero padding to 256 bytes.
+        const std::string goldenHex =
+            "bba6ac929a0bc96b7eed83d27f33a1e7e73d9b836d8b47c59ee23df6b275baab"
+            "bec9d9dead03cc7a3bdafee50c30ab9fb86194e119fe4ba19eff62d5ec3aacb3"
+            "b5c9d9e3977eac0943d7ff903120a49ef024eafe1cf77be79cf6229a823aabf0f0";
+        std::array<uint8_t, 256> golden{};
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < goldenHex.size() / 2; ++i) {
+            golden[i] = static_cast<uint8_t>(std::stoul(goldenHex.substr(i * 2, 2), nullptr, 16));
+        }
+        Require(EncodeNew("000000001") == golden, "Exact Dolphin writer golden fixture");
+        std::string error;
+        Require(!RuntimeNandSettings::Read(root));
+        Require(!std::filesystem::exists(root));
+        std::filesystem::create_directories(path.parent_path());
+        const auto scratchParent = root / "scratch-collisions";
+        std::filesystem::create_directories(scratchParent / ".setting-init-fixed-0");
+        const auto sentinel = scratchParent / ".setting-init-fixed-0" / "setting.txt";
+        { std::ofstream output(sentinel); output << "another launch owns this"; }
+        const auto occupiedFile = scratchParent / ".setting-init-fixed-1";
+        { std::ofstream output(occupiedFile); output << "leave this file alone"; }
+        std::error_code scratchError;
+        const auto claimed = CreateScratchDirectory(scratchParent, "fixed", scratchError);
+        Require(claimed && *claimed == scratchParent / ".setting-init-fixed-2" && !scratchError,
+                "Retry collisions with both existing directories and files");
+        Require(ReadBytes(sentinel) == "another launch owns this" &&
+                ReadBytes(occupiedFile) == "leave this file alone", "Never modify another launch's scratch data");
+        Require(!CreateScratchDirectory(occupiedFile / "not-a-directory", "fixed", scratchError) && scratchError,
+                "Real filesystem errors must fail rather than retry indefinitely");
+
+        // Force all claimants to use the same token; this deterministically
+        // exercises the collision path even when host clock precision is high.
+        std::array<std::optional<std::filesystem::path>, 16> claims;
+        std::vector<std::thread> claimants;
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < claims.size(); ++i) {
+            claimants.emplace_back([&, i] {
+                std::error_code ec;
+                claims[i] = CreateScratchDirectory(scratchParent, "shared", ec);
+            });
+        }
+        for (auto& claimant : claimants) claimant.join();
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < claims.size(); ++i) {
+            Require(claims[i].has_value(), "Every concurrent claimant must acquire a scratch directory");
+            for (size_t j = 0; j < i; ++j) {
+                Require(claims[i] != claims[j], "Concurrent claimants must own different scratch directories");
+            }
+        }
+        const std::string plain = "AREA=USA\r\n\nCODE=LU\r\nSERNO=987654321\r\nGAME=US\r\n";
+        std::array<uint8_t, 256> fixture{};
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < fixture.size(); ++i) {
+            const unsigned shift = i % 32;
+            const uint32_t key = shift == 0 ? 0x73B5DBFAu :
+                (0x73B5DBFAu << shift) | (0x73B5DBFAu >> (32 - shift));
+            fixture[i] = static_cast<uint8_t>(key) ^ (i < plain.size() ? plain[i] : 0);
+        }
+        {
+            std::ofstream output(path, std::ios::binary);
+            output.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(fixture.data()), fixture.size());
+        }
+        auto settings = RuntimeNandSettings::Read(root);
+        Require(settings && RuntimeNandSettings::HasIdentity(*settings));
+        Require(settings->at("SERNO") == "987654321" && settings->at("CODE") == "LU");
+        Require(settings->at("AREA") == "USA" && settings->at("GAME") == "US");
+        Require(Ensure(root, error, 1800000123), "Existing imported NAND must work");
+        std::array<uint8_t, 256> after{};
+        {
+            std::ifstream input(path, std::ios::binary);
+            input.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(after.data()), after.size());
+        }
+        Require(after == fixture);
+        for (const auto serial : {"", "000000000", "1234567890", "123ABC789"}) {
+            (*settings)["SERNO"] = serial;
+            Require(!RuntimeNandSettings::HasIdentity(*settings));
+        }
+        (*settings)["SERNO"] = "012345678";
+        Require(RuntimeNandSettings::HasIdentity(*settings));
+        (*settings)["CODE"] = "TOOLONG";
+        Require(!RuntimeNandSettings::HasIdentity(*settings));
+        (*settings)["CODE"] = "LEH";
+        settings->erase("GAME");
+        Require(!RuntimeNandSettings::HasIdentity(*settings));
+        std::filesystem::resize_file(path, 128);
+        Require(!RuntimeNandSettings::Read(root));
+        const auto damaged = ReadBytes(path);
+        Require(!Ensure(root, error, 1800000123), "Do not replace a truncated identity");
+        Require(ReadBytes(path) == damaged, "Damaged file must remain untouched");
+
+        const auto fresh = root / "fresh";
+        Require(Ensure(fresh, error, 1800000123), "Missing setting.txt must initialize");
+        const auto generated = Read(fresh);
+        Require(generated && HasIdentity(*generated), "Generated file must be readable");
+        Require(generated->at("SERNO") == "800000123", "Persist Dolphin-generated serial");
+        Require(generated->at("CODE") == "LEH" && generated->at("AREA") == "EUR" &&
+                generated->at("GAME") == "EU", "PAL first-boot fields");
+        Require(generated->at("MODEL") == "RVL-001(EUR)" && generated->at("VIDEO") == "PAL" &&
+                generated->at("DVD") == "0" && generated->at("MPCH") == "0x7FFE",
+                "Complete Dolphin boot settings");
+        const auto firstBoot = ReadBytes(FilePath(fresh));
+        Require(firstBoot.size() == 256 && firstBoot.back() == 0, "Dolphin buffer size and raw zero padding");
+        Require(Ensure(fresh, error, 1900000999), "Second boot");
+        Require(ReadBytes(FilePath(fresh)) == firstBoot, "Second boot must not change any bytes");
+
+        const auto blocked = root / "blocked";
+        { std::ofstream output(blocked); output << "file obstructing NAND directory"; }
+        Require(!Ensure(blocked, error, 1800000123), "Write failure must not return an ephemeral identity");
+        Require(!Ensure(root / "bad-clock", error, -1), "Clock failure must not initialize");
+
+        const auto concurrent = root / "concurrent";
+        std::array<bool, 16> results{};
+        std::vector<std::thread> workers;
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < results.size(); ++i) {
+            workers.emplace_back([&, i] {
+                std::string detail;
+                results[i] = Ensure(concurrent, detail, 1800000001 + i);
+            });
+        }
+        for (auto& worker : workers) worker.join();
+        for (const bool result : results) Require(result, "Concurrent boot must read the persisted winner");
+        const auto winner = ReadBytes(FilePath(concurrent));
+        Require(Read(concurrent) && HasIdentity(*Read(concurrent)), "Concurrent boot must persist valid settings");
+        Require(Ensure(concurrent, error, 1900000999), "Boot after concurrent initialization");
+        Require(ReadBytes(FilePath(concurrent)) == winner, "Concurrent winner must remain stable");
+
+        // Independently decode as Nintendo does: stop at the first encoded NUL.
+        // Exercise serials that force Dolphin's extra-LF escaping, not only
+        // values that happen to work with a plain rotating-XOR encoder.
+        bool sawExtraLf = false;
+        for (int serial = 1; serial <= 10000; ++serial) {
+            const auto number = GenerateSerial(1000000000 + serial);
+            const auto encoded = EncodeNew(number);
+            Require(encoded.has_value(), "Serial encoding must fit");
+            std::string decoded;
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < encoded->size() && (*encoded)[i] != 0; ++i) {
+                const unsigned shift = i % 32;
+                const uint32_t key = shift == 0 ? 0x73B5DBFAu :
+                    (0x73B5DBFAu << shift) | (0x73B5DBFAu >> (32 - shift));
+                decoded += static_cast<char>((*encoded)[i] ^ static_cast<uint8_t>(key));
+            }
+            Require(decoded.find("SERNO=" + number + "\r\n") != std::string::npos &&
+                    decoded.find("GAME=EU\r\n") != std::string::npos,
+                    "Encoded NUL must not truncate settings");
+            sawExtraLf |= decoded.find("\r\n\n") != std::string::npos;
+        }
+        Require(sawExtraLf, "Exercise Dolphin LF escape path");
+        std::filesystem::remove_all(root);
+        std::cout << "NAND settings checks passed\n";
+        return 0;
+    } catch (const std::exception& error) {
+        std::filesystem::remove_all(root);
+        std::cerr << error.what() << '\n';
+        return 1;
+    }
+}

runtime/tests/sc_serial_tests.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+#include "sc_serial_contract.h"
+#include "nand_settings.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+
+static void Require(bool condition, const char* message) {
+    if (!condition) throw std::runtime_error(message);
+}
+
+static uint32_t ReadWord(const unsigned char* bytes) {
+    return (uint32_t(bytes[0]) << 24) | (uint32_t(bytes[1]) << 16) |
+           (uint32_t(bytes[2]) << 8) | uint32_t(bytes[3]);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    try {
+        // Feed real generator + SC ABI outputs to the upstream bot decoder.
+        // Usage: mkw_sc_serial_tests --timestamp-vectors <unix-seconds> ...
+        if (argc > 1 && std::string(argv[1]) == "--timestamp-vectors") {
+            for (int i = 2; i < argc; ++i) {
+                const auto timestamp = std::stoll(argv[i]);
+                const auto serial = RuntimeNandSettings::GenerateSerial(static_cast<std::time_t>(timestamp));
+                std::array<unsigned char, 4> output{};
+                Require(RuntimeScSerial::Write(serial, 4,
+                    [](uint32_t address, size_t size) { return address == 4 && size == 4; },
+                    [&](uint32_t, uint32_t value) {
+                        for (unsigned j = 0; j < 4; ++j)
+                            output[j] = static_cast<unsigned char>(value >> (24 - 8 * j));
+                    }) == 1, "Generated serial must pass SC ABI");
+                std::cout << timestamp << '\t' << serial << "\tLEH"
+                          << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(9) << ReadWord(output.data()) << '\n';
+            }
+            return 0;
+        }
+        // Reproduce the reported csnums from the old string-writing override.
+        const unsigned char old7886[] = {'7', '8', '8', '6'};
+        const unsigned char old7618[] = {'7', '6', '1', '8'};
+        Require(ReadWord(old7886) == 926431286, "Reproduce shared LEH926431286");
+        Require(ReadWord(old7618) == 926298424, "Reproduce shared LEH926298424");
+
+        std::array<unsigned char, 16> memory;
+        size_t available = 4;
+        unsigned writes = 0;
+        const auto contains = [&](uint32_t address, size_t size) {
+            return address == 4 && size <= available;
+        };
+        const auto write32 = [&](uint32_t address, uint32_t value) {
+            ++writes;
+            for (unsigned i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
+                memory[address + i] = static_cast<unsigned char>(value >> (24 - 8 * i));
+        };
+        for (const auto& pair : {std::pair{"788600001", 788600001u}, {"788699999", 788699999u},
+                 {"761800001", 761800001u}, {"761899999", 761899999u},
+                 {"012345678", 12345678u}, {"000000001", 1u}, {"999999999", 999999999u}}) {
+            memory.fill(0xa5);
+            writes = 0;
+            Require(RuntimeScSerial::Write(pair.first, 4, contains, write32) == 1, "Accept an exactly four-byte output buffer");
+            Require(writes == 1 && ReadWord(memory.data() + 4) == pair.second, "Return full numeric serial, including digits after common prefix");
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < memory.size(); ++i)
+                if (i < 4 || i >= 8) Require(memory[i] == 0xa5, "Do not overwrite adjacent guest stack data");
+        }
+        for (const char* serial : {"", "1234567890", "7886x1234", "-12345678", "+12345678"}) {
+            writes = 0;
+            Require(RuntimeScSerial::Write(serial, 4, contains, write32) == 0 && writes == 0, "Reject malformed serial without a write");
+        }
+        writes = 0;
+        Require(RuntimeScSerial::Write("788600001", 0, contains, write32) == 0 && writes == 0, "Reject null output");
+        available = 3;
+        Require(RuntimeScSerial::Write("788600001", 4, contains, write32) == 0 && writes == 0, "Reject undersized output");
+        std::cout << "SC serial collision reproduction, numeric output and memory-boundary tests passed\n";
+        return 0;
+    } catch (const std::exception& error) {
+        std::cerr << error.what() << '\n';
+        return 1;
+    }
+}

runtime/tests/test_expr.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+// Verifies the expression engine against Dolphin's documented semantics,
+// including the exact line from the user's GCPadNew.ini.
+
+#include "input_expr.h"
+
+#include <chrono>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <map>
+#include <string>
+#include <thread>
+
+static int g_failures = 0;
+static std::map<std::string, double> g_inputs;
+
+static InputExpr::InputSource Source() {
+    return [](const std::string& name) {
+        const auto it = g_inputs.find(name);
+        return it == g_inputs.end() ? 0.0 : it->second;
+    };
+}
+
+static void Check(bool ok, const std::string& what) {
+    if (!ok) {
+        std::printf("  FAIL: %s\n", what.c_str());
+        ++g_failures;
+    }
+}
+
+static InputExpr::Expression Compile(const std::string& text) {
+    InputExpr::Expression expr;
+    std::string error;
+    if (!InputExpr::Expression::Parse(text, expr, error)) {
+        std::printf("  FAIL: parse '%s': %s\n", text.c_str(), error.c_str());
+        ++g_failures;
+    }
+    return expr;
+}
+
+static bool Pressed(const InputExpr::Expression& e) {
+    return e.Evaluate(Source()) > InputExpr::kConditionThreshold;
+}
+
+static void Sleep(int ms) { std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(ms)); }
+
+int main() {
+    std::printf("Dolphin expression engine\n");
+
+    // Operators: & is min, | is max, ! is 1-x, matching Dolphin.
+    g_inputs["A"] = 1.0;
+    g_inputs["B"] = 0.0;
+    Check(Pressed(Compile("`A`")), "bare input");
+    Check(!Pressed(Compile("!`A`")), "not");
+    Check(!Pressed(Compile("`A` & `B`")), "and is min");
+    Check(Pressed(Compile("`A` | `B`")), "or is max");
+    Check(Pressed(Compile("`A` ^ `B`")), "xor");
+    Check(!Pressed(Compile("`A` ^ `A`")), "xor of equal inputs is false");
+
+    // Precedence: & binds tighter than |, so this is A | (B & A).
+    g_inputs["B"] = 0.0;
+    Check(Pressed(Compile("`A` | `B` & `A`")), "& binds tighter than |");
+
+    // Parens and numeric literals.
+    Check(Pressed(Compile("(`B` | 1)")), "literal");
+    Check(Pressed(Compile("min(1, `A`)")), "min");
+    Check(!Pressed(Compile("min(0, `A`)")), "min with zero");
+    Check(Pressed(Compile("if(`A`, 1, 0)")), "if");
+    Check(Pressed(Compile("clamp(5, 0, 1)")), "clamp");
+
+    // toggle flips on each rising edge and holds between them.
+    auto toggle = Compile("toggle(`T`)");
+    g_inputs["T"] = 0.0;
+    toggle.Evaluate(Source());
+    g_inputs["T"] = 1.0;
+    Check(Pressed(toggle), "toggle on after first press");
+    g_inputs["T"] = 0.0;
+    Check(Pressed(toggle), "toggle stays on after release");
+    g_inputs["T"] = 1.0;
+    Check(!Pressed(toggle), "toggle off on second press");
+
+    // hold requires the input to be down for the full duration.
+    auto hold = Compile("hold(`H`, 0.05)");
+    g_inputs["H"] = 1.0;
+    Check(!Pressed(hold), "hold not satisfied immediately");
+    Sleep(70);
+    Check(Pressed(hold), "hold satisfied after the interval");
+    g_inputs["H"] = 0.0;
+    Check(!Pressed(hold), "hold clears on release");
+
+    // pulse fires for the given duration after a rising edge.
+    auto pulse = Compile("pulse(`P`, 0.05)");
+    g_inputs["P"] = 0.0;
+    pulse.Evaluate(Source());
+    g_inputs["P"] = 1.0;
+    Check(Pressed(pulse), "pulse fires on rising edge");
+    Sleep(80);
+    Check(!Pressed(pulse), "pulse expires");
+
+    // The timing-window idiom seen in shared Dolphin configs.
+    auto window = Compile("!pulse(`W`, 0.05) & pulse(`W`, 0.15)");
+    g_inputs["W"] = 0.0;
+    window.Evaluate(Source());
+    g_inputs["W"] = 1.0;
+    Check(!Pressed(window), "window closed before its start");
+    Sleep(90);
+    Check(Pressed(window), "window open between the two pulses");
+    Sleep(90);
+    Check(!Pressed(window), "window closed after its end");
+
+    // timer ramps 0..1 and wraps, so a threshold turns it into a square wave.
+    auto timer = Compile("`X` & timer(0.1)");
+    g_inputs["X"] = 1.0;
+    int high = 0;
+    int low = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 40; ++i) {
+        (Pressed(timer) ? high : low)++;
+        Sleep(5);
+    }
+    Check(high > 5 && low > 5, "timer alternates high and low");
+
+    // The exact D-Pad/Up line from the user's GCPadNew.ini.
+    auto dolphinLine = Compile("`Hat 0 N` | `Button 4` & timer(0.01)");
+    g_inputs["Hat 0 N"] = 0.0;
+    g_inputs["Button 4"] = 0.0;
+    Check(!Pressed(dolphinLine), "idle with nothing held");
+    g_inputs["Hat 0 N"] = 1.0;
+    Check(Pressed(dolphinLine), "hat alone presses");
+    g_inputs["Hat 0 N"] = 0.0;
+    g_inputs["Button 4"] = 1.0;
+    high = low = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 60; ++i) {
+        (Pressed(dolphinLine) ? high : low)++;
+        Sleep(2);
+    }
+    Check(high > 5 && low > 5, "LB alternates via timer(0.01)");
+
+    // Regression tests for the CodeRabbit findings on PR #89.
+    g_inputs["A"] = 1.0;
+    // clamp with reversed bounds: std::clamp is UB when lo > hi.
+    Check(Compile("clamp(0.5, 1, 0)").Evaluate(Source()) == 0.5, "clamp tolerates reversed bounds");
+    // deadzone(v, 1) would divide by zero.
+    {
+        const double v = Compile("deadzone(`A`, 1)").Evaluate(Source());
+        Check(std::isfinite(v), "deadzone with dz=1 stays finite");
+    }
+    // timer with a zero or negative period would produce inf or NaN.
+    for (const char* text : {"timer(0)", "timer(-1)"}) {
+        const double v = Compile(text).Evaluate(Source());
+        Check(std::isfinite(v), std::string(text) + " stays finite");
+    }
+    // Any non-finite result is squashed before it can reach the uint8_t cast.
+    for (const char* text : {"sqrt(0 - 1)", "pow(10, 10000)", "tan(1.5707963267948966)"}) {
+        const double v = Compile(text).Evaluate(Source());
+        Check(std::isfinite(v), std::string(text) + " is sanitised at the boundary");
+    }
+
+    // tap count is user authored; negative, huge and non-finite must not reach
+    // the unsigned conversion.
+    for (const char* text : {"tap(`A`, 0.2, -1)", "tap(`A`, 0.2, 999999999)", "tap(`A`, 0.2, 0)"}) {
+        InputExpr::Expression e;
+        std::string err;
+        Check(InputExpr::Expression::Parse(text, e, err), std::string("parse ") + text);
+        const double v = e.Evaluate(Source());
+        Check(std::isfinite(v), std::string(text) + " evaluates without UB");
+    }
+
+    // Exponent notation is not part of the number syntax, matching Dolphin's
+    // lexer; it is rejected rather than silently misparsed.
+    {
+        InputExpr::Expression e;
+        std::string err;
+        Check(!InputExpr::Expression::Parse("tap(`A`, 0.2, 1e30)", e, err), "exponent notation rejected");
+    }
+
+    // A zero divisor must not skip the left subtree: stateful functions there
+    // still need their per-frame update.
+    {
+        auto divToggle = Compile("toggle(`D`) / `Z`");
+        g_inputs["Z"] = 0.0;
+        g_inputs["D"] = 0.0;
+        divToggle.Evaluate(Source());
+        g_inputs["D"] = 1.0;
+        divToggle.Evaluate(Source());   // rising edge seen even though rhs is 0
+        g_inputs["D"] = 0.0;
+        g_inputs["Z"] = 1.0;
+        Check(divToggle.Evaluate(Source()) > InputExpr::kConditionThreshold,
+              "toggle still latched while the divisor was zero");
+    }
+
+    // smooth with a zero rate divides 0 by 0; NaN must not stick in the node.
+    {
+        auto sm = Compile("smooth(`A`, 0)");
+        g_inputs["A"] = 1.0;
+        sm.Evaluate(Source());
+        Sleep(5);
+        Check(std::isfinite(sm.Evaluate(Source())), "smooth with a zero rate stays finite");
+    }
+
+    // Referenced inputs, used for diagnostics in the UI.
+    const auto refs = dolphinLine.ReferencedInputs();
+    Check(refs.size() == 2, "two referenced inputs");
+
+    // Errors are reported, not silently swallowed.
+    InputExpr::Expression bad;
+    std::string error;
+    Check(!InputExpr::Expression::Parse("`A` & ", bad, error), "trailing operator rejected");
+    Check(!InputExpr::Expression::Parse("nope(1)", bad, error), "unknown function rejected");
+    Check(!InputExpr::Expression::Parse("(`A`", bad, error), "missing paren rejected");
+    Check(!InputExpr::Expression::Parse("`A", bad, error), "unterminated backtick rejected");
+    Check(InputExpr::Expression::Parse("", bad, error) && bad.Empty(), "empty parses to empty");
+    Check(!InputExpr::Expression::Parse("hold(`A`)", bad, error), "wrong arg count rejected");
+
+    if (g_failures == 0) {
+        std::printf("all checks passed\n");
+        return 0;
+    }
+    std::printf("%d check(s) failed\n", g_failures);
+    return 1;
+}